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212. Masai Mara. II. Dvojí velké stěhování

Creator:
Miloš Anděra
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, savci, národní parky, zoology, mammals, national parks, Keňa, Kenya, Národní park Serengeti (Tanzanie), Serengeti National Park (Tanzania), 2, and 59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Rezervaci Masai Mara proslavila především každoroční masová migrace pakoňů žíhaných (Connochaetes taurinus) a dalších kopytníků ze Serengeti (Tanzanie). Primární příčinou stěhování je střídání srážkového cyklu v rovníkové východní Africe a s tím související nabídka zelené potravy. Je ovšem obtížné určit přesný začátek či konec velkého stěhování – jde o neustále běžící cyklus, jehož jednotlivé fáze přecházejí plynule jedna v druhou. Navíc načasování migrací se rok od roku liší podle počasí i v řádu měsíců. Celá migrační trasa o délce zhruba 800 km má podobu nepravidelného oválu. Pohyb mnohatisícových až milionových stád přitahuje množství turistů z celého světa (druhé stěhování)., The Masai Mara reservation is famous for its annual mass migration of the Wilde­beest (Connochaetes taurinus) and other hoofed animals from the Serengeti (Tanzania). Its primary cause is the changing precipitation cycle in equatorial east Africa, and the related supply of green food. It is difficult to determine exactly the beginning and the end of the Great Migration – it is a constantly running cycle, and its timing varies from year to year depending on weather conditions over a span of months. The entire route has a length of about 800 km. The movement of herds with hundreds of thousands to millions of animals attracts an ever-increasing number of tourists from around the world annually (the second migration)., and Miloš Anděra.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

213. MEMOIRS FOR A NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS, CONTAINING THE Anatomical Description OF SEVERAL CREATURES DISSECTED BY The Royal Academy OF SCIENCES at PARIS

Creator:
Perrault, Claude and Clarke, John
Publisher:
Clarke, John
Format:
print and [9], [2]-8, [2], 9-267, [15], 40 pp : 36 obr. příl. ; 4°
Type:
model:monograph and TEXT
Subject:
Staré tisky, století 18., biologie, zoologie, 12, and 094
Language:
English and French
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

214. Metabolic neurohormones: release, signal transduction and physiological responses of adipokinetic hormones in insects

Creator:
Van Der Horst, Dick J., Van Marrewijk, Wil J. A., Vullings, Henk G. B., and Diederen, Jacques H. B.
Format:
print, text, and regular print
Type:
article, bibliography, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
zoologie, entomologie, hmyz, Locusta migratoria, metabolismus, metabolické neurohormony, adipokinetické hormony, biosyntéza, vylučování, přenos signálu, mechanismus přenosu, 595.2/.7, and 591.1
Language:
English
Description:
In view of the extremely high metabolic rates involved, insect flight offers a fascinating model system for studying metabolism during exercise, including its regulation by metabolic neurohormones. In our laboratory the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, well-known for its long-distance flights, is used as an internationally recognized model insect. The insect is mass-reared under controlled conditions; its size permits convenient handling in vivo and in vitro, while flight activity can be easily evoked. In addition, research on this pest insect may be of economical importance. A survey of the energy metabolism during locust flight is presented in Fig. 1. Flight activity stimulates the neurosecretory adipokinetic cells in the glandular lobes of the corpus cardiacum, a neuroendocrine gland connected with the insect brain, to release peptide neurohormones, the adipokinetic hormones (AKHs). The target for these hormones is the fat body. Via signal transduction processes, the action of the hormones ultimately results in the mobilization of both carbohydrate and lipid reserves as fuels for flight. Carbohydrate (trehalose) is mobilized from glycogen reserves, implying hormonal activation of the key enzyme, fat body glycogen phosphorylase, by phosphorylation. Similarly, on the lipid side, sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) is mobilized from stored triacylglycerol (TAG), by hormonal activation of the fat body TAG lipase. The carbohydrate and lipid substrates are transported in the hemolymph to the contracting flight muscles. Carbohydrate provides most of the energy for the initial period of flight, whereas at a later stage, lipid substrate in the blood is increased and gradually takes over. The transport of DAG requires specific lipoprotein carriers (lipophorins) which differ in several respects from the lipoproteins in mammals, and act as a lipid shuttle. This review is focused on three interrelated topics, covering recent data on the biosynthesis and release of the AKHs, their signal transduction mechanisms in the fat body cells, and the changes in the lipophorin system induced by the AKHs during flight., Dick J. Van Der Horst, Wil J.A. Van Marrewijk, Henk G.B. Vullings, Jacques H.B. Diederen, and Lit
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

216. Molecular analysis of the gut contents of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) as a method for detecting intra-guild predation by this species on aphidophagous predators other than coccinellids

Creator:
Ingels, Brecht, Aebi, Alexandre, Hautier, Louis, Van Leeuwen, Thomas, and De Cercq, Patrick
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Harmonia axyridis, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae, Chrysoperla carnea, Diptera, Syrphidae, Episyrphus balteatus, intraguild predation, gut-content analysis, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Several studies have demonstrated that the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis is a strong intra-guild predator of native species of ladybird. Laboratory studies have shown that H. axyridis can be an intra-guild predator of aphid predators other than coccinellids, including the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus and lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. However, little is known about the effect of intra-guild predation (IGP) by H. axyridis on hoverfly and lacewing populations in the field. In the present study molecular analyses were used to detect the DNA of E. balteatus and C. carnea in the gut contents of H. axyridis. Primers for the syrphid and chrysopid prey were designed and feeding experiments performed to determine how long prey DNA remains detectable in the guts of this ladybird. DNA detection was influenced by the life stage of the predator and species of prey. Meal size did not affect detection time, except when fourth instar individuals of H. axyridis were fed 10 eggs or one second instar of C. carnea. Predator weight, sex and morpho-type (melanic/non-melanic) did not influence DNA detection. The half-life of the time for which the DNA of the prey remained detectable was calculated for each predator-prey combination, and ranged from 8.9 to 52.4 h. This method can be used to study the ecological importance of IGP by H. axyridis on aphidophagous predators other than coccinellids in the field., Brecht Ingels ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

217. Molecular cloning and characterization of the S6K-p70 gene in Chinese honeybees, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Creator:
Cai, Yingqi, Ai, Taobo, Yu, Xiaoli, Xu, Baohua, and Guo, Xingqi
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Apidae, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, Apis cerana cerana, development, environmental stresses, expression pattern, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) plays a pivotal role in developmental processes and cell survival by participating in protein synthesis relevant signaling pathways. In the present study, an S6K gene (AccS6K-p70) was isolated and characterized from the Chinese honeybee, Apis cerana cerana (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), an important economic insect in the agricultural industry. The cDNA of AccS6K-p70 was 1683 bp in length and predicted to encode a protein of 467 amino acid residues. Sequence and structure analysis showed that there was a conserved catalytic domain in AccS6K-p70, whilst a phosphorylation site was found in the conserved part of the catalytic domain. Development relevant transcription factor binding sites found in the 5’-flanking region of AccS6K-p70 suggest that AccS6K-p70 might be involved in A. c. cerana development. Furthermore, quantitative PCR revealed that the expression levels of AccS6K-p70 were higher in head and thorax than in other tissues. The AccS6K-p70 was highly expressed in both larvae and adults compared with that in pupae, whilst expression of the gene was significantly down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (although initially and slightly increased by it) and pyriproxyfen (a juvenile hormone analogue insecticide) stresses. These results suggest that AccS6K-p70 may play critical roles in developmental processes and cell survival in A. c. cerana, whilst both oxidative stress and pyriproxyfen may impair S6K-p70 mediated developmental processes by down-regulation of AccS6K-p70 expression., Yingqi Cai ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

218. Molecular identity of Stomaphis quercus (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Lachnidae) and description of a new species

Creator:
Depa, Lukasz, Mroz, Ewa, and Szawaryn, Karol
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hemiptera, Aphidoidea, Lachnidae, Stomaphis, COXI, COXII, molecular systematics, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
The two species of the genus Stomaphis feeding on oak and birch, respectively, although morphologically similar, are considered to be separate species. However, the birch-feeding S. betulae Mamontova is considered to be a synonym of the oak and birch feeding S. quercus (L.) by some authors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the birch feeding and oak feeding populations attributed to S. quercus belong to the same species. The mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COXI) and II (COXII) were used to determine whether these two populations differ. There are no significant differences in these markers from oak and birch feeding individuals, indicating that these populations are conspecific. However, morphologically and ecologically distinct populations of Stomaphis were discovered feeding on oak. The molecular analysis confirmed that these populations are distinct, which resulted in the description of the new oak-feeding species, Stomaphis wojciechowskii Depa, sp. n. This new species previously remained unrecognized due to its very cryptic mode of life., Lukasz Depa, Ewa Mroz, Karol Szawaryn., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

219. Molehills as important larval habitats for the grizzled skipper, Pyrgus malvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in calcareous grasslands

Creator:
Streitberger, Merle and Fartmann, Thomas
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Pyrgus malvae, butterfly, disturbance, ecosystem engineer, molehill, Agrimonia eupatoria, habitat requirement, larval ecology, microclimate, oviposition site selection, calcareous grassland, vegetation structure, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Small-scale soil disturbance, such as animal mounds created by subterraneous ecosystem engineers are important microhabitats for species of conservation concern. There are many studies on the effects of ecosystem engineers on plant species diversity and soil properties, but the influence of such organisms on other taxa, such as insects, are rarely analyzed. In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time the role of molehills produced by the European Mole (Talpa europaea) (Linnaeus, 1758) as a larval habitat for a threatened butterfly species within central European calcareous grasslands. We selected the grizzled skipper (Pyrgus malvae) (Linnaeus, 1758) as a study species as previous studies revealed that it prefers warm and open microhabitats for oviposition. Our study clearly showed that host plants occurring on or in the close vicinity of molehills were regularly occupied by immature stages of P. malvae. Occupied host plants at these disturbed sites were characterized by a more open vegetation structure with a higher proportion of bare ground or stones and a lower cover of the herb layer compared with available host plants (control samples). Among molehills those were preferred that had the highest cover of host plants, especially Agrimonia eupatoria. Molehills are important larval habitats for P. malvae in calcareous grasslands on deeper soils. At these sites succession occurs rapidly and the amount of bare ground is usually low, even when they are managed. In contrast to other known breeding sites in calcareous grasslands, molehills with a high cover of host plants provide ideal conditions for the successful larval development of P. malvae: (i) sufficient food during the larval period and (ii) warm microclimatic conditions., Merle Streitberger, Thomas Fartmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

220. Monitoring of Matsucoccus feytaudi (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) and its natural enemies in Spain using sticky tapes and pheromone traps

Creator:
Rodrigo, Eugenia, Catalá-Oltra, Marta, Pérez-Laorga, Eduardo, and Baena, Manuel
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Hemiptera, Matsucoccidae, Matsucoccus feytaudi, Spain, Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae, Hemerobius stigma, Anthocoridae, Elatophilus nigricornis, Coleoptera, Malachiidae, Malachiomimus pectinatus, natural enemies, predators, host plant, Pinus pinaster, survey, phenology, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_The maritime pine bast scale, Matsucoccus feytaudi Ducasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae), occurs in the western part of the Mediterranean basin and is a sap sucking insect that feeds only on maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton). It causes damage in SE France and Italy, where it was accidentally introduced. In Spain information is scarce and, moreover, almost nothing is known about the predators of this species. This study was designed to determine the seasonal trends in abundance of M. feytaudi and its major predators, which might help to improve the biological control of this pest in other areas. Natural P. pinaster stands in the Valencian Community (Spain) were surveyed in 2004. In addition, the seasonal trends in abundance of M. feytaudi and its natural enemies were monitored in three stands over a period of three years (2002, 2005 and 2006). The monitoring was carried by wrapping sticky tapes around tree trunks and using delta traps baited with sexual pheromone. The maritime pine bast scale was detected in all the stands surveyed. At almost all the sites surveyed, three species of predators were captured: Elatophilus nigricornis Zetterstedt (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Hemerobius stigma Stephens (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) and Malachiomimus pectinatus (Kiesenwetter) (Coleoptera: Malachiidae). The presence of M. pectinatus is noteworthy as this is the first record of this species as a possible predator of M. feytaudi. The results show that M. feytaudi, although differing in its phenology depending on the location, is univoltine in the study area. The prepupae, pupae and adults of M. feytaudi appeared between December and March in colder areas and between October and February in warmer areas. E. nigricornis nymphs are important predators of M. feytaudi, and were abundant when the scale insect (crawlers, prepupae, pupae, male and female adults) was present., 2_The flight period of E. nigricornis and the hemerobiid H. stigma ranged from May to October. However, these flight patterns did not correlate with the presence of the different stages of the bast scale (crawlers, prepupae, pupae, male and female adults) on the surface of tree trunks. The presence of M. pectinatus in large numbers in some stands suggests it might be an important natural regulator, which helps to keep M. feytaudi populations at low densities in the areas of Spain studied. This malachiid shows a strong kairomonal attraction to the sexual pheromone of M. feytaudi and its flight activity is significantly correlated with the presence of crawlers of bast scale., Eugenia Rodrigo ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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