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1762. Are we studying too few taxa? Insights from aphidophagous ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
- Creator:
- Sloggett, John J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Coccinellidae, study bias, model organism, and comparative method
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Many areas of biology employ standard model organisms on which a majority of research effort is concentrated. However, there is invariably a danger associated with the use of too few or atypical models for studies of particular taxonomic groups, guilds or biological phenomena. Using aphidophagous ladybirds, I show that in this group, in the last ten years, 69% of research has been concentrated on just five species, all generalist ecotypes. Much research is now concentrated on invasive species, originally biocontrol agents, and over half the aphidophagous ladybird work on intraguild interactions is centred on two of the five predominant species, Coccinella septempunctata and Harmonia axyridis. Using examples from differing areas of research, I show that studies of more unusual, non-commercial specialists can enhance our understanding of the commonly studied groups. I suggest further areas where a similar approach may lead to equally illuminating results.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1763. Areál ústavů Akademie věd ČR v Praze 8 na Mazance se rozrostl
- Creator:
- Marina Hužvárová
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, úvodníky, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce, Ústav fyziky plazmatu (Akademie věd ČR), fyzika plazmatu, tokamaky, intelektuální spolupráce, plasma physics, tokamaks, intellectual cooperation, 12, and 00
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Ceremonial inauguration of Tokamak Compass-D that Czech Republic obtained as gift from Great Britain took place in April 1 2008 by participation e.g. chairman of AS CR Václav Pačes, ambasador of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Linda Joy Duffield, director of Association EUROATOM-IPP.CR Hardo Bruns and director of UKAEA Fusion Sir Chris Llewellyn Smith. A Tokamak Compass-D is a machine producing a toroidal magnetic field for confining a plasma. It is one of several types of magnetic confinement devices and the most researched candidate for producing fusion energy. and Marina Hužvárová.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1764. Argumentačný formalizmus ako riešenie koordinačného problému
- Creator:
- Káčer, Marek
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- formalism, coordination problem, authority, positivism, the Hume’s law, formalizmus, koordinačný problém, autorita, pozitivizmus, Humov zákon, and teória sudcovského záväzku
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- V nasledujúcich riadkoch sa pokúsim dokázať, že ak sudcovia preferujú formalistickú právnu argumentáciu, tak potom nie v dôsledku toho, akú majú teoretickú koncepciu práva, ale v dôsledku toho, v akých spoločensko-politických pomeroch pôsobia. Formalizmus v právnej argumentácii nie je pojem, ktorého zmysluplné použitie nutne predpokladá teóriu právneho pozitivizmu a ktorého opodstatnenie nutne predpokladá autoritu tvorcu práva. Ak sa formalizmus v nejakej právnej kultúre etabluje, tak potom zrejme kvôli výsledkom, ktoré generuje; kvôli tomu, že chráni hodnoty, ktoré chcú chrániť aktuálni držitelia moci, či už pod nimi rozumieme politickú elitu, spoločenskú triedu, predstaviteľov kultúrnej väčšiny alebo ľud ako celok. To prirodzene limituje aj schopnosť formalizmu riešiť tzv. koordinačný problém. and In the following pages I will try to prove a thesis according to which, when judges prefer formalistic legal argumentation, they do not do so because of their theoretical conception of law but because of the political and social conditions in which they happen to serve their office. Formalism in legal argumentation is not a concept which is meaningful only against the backdrop of legal positivism and which is justified only by the authority of a lawmaker. When formalistic argumentation becomes embedded with the respective legal culture it is apparently so because of the results it generates; because it protects values which current power holders want to be protected, whether we understand them as political elite, social class, representatives of cultural majority or the people as a whole. This naturally limits the capacity of formalism to solve the coordination problem.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1765. Argumenty pro konzervativní léčbu chronické formy ischemické choroby srdeční přibývají
- Creator:
- Kotík, Luboš
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, and TEXT
- Subject:
- lidé, ischemická choroba srdeční--farmakoterapie--chirurgie, chronická nemoc, koronární nemoc--farmakoterapie--chirurgie--patofyziologie, angina pectoris--farmakoterapie--chirurgie, životní styl, zdravé chování, revaskularizace myokardu--škodlivé účinky, balónková koronární angioplastika--škodlivé účinky, koronární bypass--škodlivé účinky, aterosklerotický plát--patofyziologie, ateroskleróza--patofyziologie, trimetazidin--terapeutické užití, kombinovaná terapie--metody, hodnocení rizik, invazivní terapie, vulnerabilní plak, and konzervativní terapie
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- Invazivní metody léčby chronické formy ischemické choroby srdeční byly po dlouhou dobu považovány za kauzální terapii, která bezpochyby snižuje morbiditu a mortalitu nemocných. Na druhé straně životní styl a farmakologická terapie byla nahlížena jako spíše doplňující, ale nikoliv rozhodující léčba. V posledních letech je možno vidět změnu v pohledu na ischemickou chorobu srdeční. Je to mnohem difuznější proces v koronráním řečišti a není to tedy jen otázka kritických stenóz, ale stejně nemocného ohrožují i další úseky věnčitých tepen, kde se hovoří o vulnerabilních placích. Překvapením pro experty byly závěry řady studií potvrzujících neschopnost invazivch metod prodloužit život nemocným s chronickou formou ICHS. Na druhé straně přibývají důkazy o významném vlivu úpravy životního stylu a rozrůstajících se možnostech farmakolgoické terapie s pozitivním vlivem na morbiditu a mortalitu. Článek prezentuje současné názory na tyto otázky, které jsou nyní živě diskutovány., Invasive methods for treatment of coronary artery disease in chronic form were, for a long time, believed to be causal treatment that definitely diminish patient morbidity and mortality. By contrast, lifestyle and pharmacological therapy were seen as valuable but not lifesaving. In the last few years a change can be seen in the view on coronary artery disease. It is a much more diffusive and complicated process in the coronary tree. It is not merely a question of the critical stenotic areas; the new idea of vulnerable plaque, which presents the same danger of complication as critically stenotic areas, is also important. A great surprise for experts was the result of various studies confirming the inability of invasive procedures to prolong life in patients with chronic coronary disease. On the other hand, there has been more evidence that lifestyle changes and expanding pharmacological possibilities can have a significant positive effect on morbidity and mortality. This article aims to present the problem as it is currently being discussed., and Kotík L.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1766. Aristolochic acids affect the feeding behaviour and development of Battus polydamas archidamas larvae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini)
- Creator:
- Pinto, Carlos F., Troncoso, Alejandra J., Urzúa, Alejandro, and Niemeyer, Hermann M.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Lepidoptera, Papilionidae, Battus polydamas archidamas, Aristolochia chilensis, aristolochic acid content, foraging substrate, and larval development
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The feeding behaviour of specialist butterflies may be affected by the mechanical and chemical characteristics of the tissues of their host-plants. Larvae of the butterfly, Battus polydamas archidamas feed only on Aristolochia chilensis, which contains aristolochic acids. We studied the oviposition pattern of adults and the foraging of larvae of B. polydamas archidamas over time in relation to variations in hardness of the substrate and concentration of aristolochic acids in different plant tissues. We further tested the effect of two artificial diets containing different concentrations of aristolochic acids on larval performance. B. polydamas archidamas oviposited mostly on young leaves and the larvae fed on this tissue until the second instar. Third instar larvae fed also on mature leaves and fourth and higher instars fed also on stems. Young leaves are softer and contain higher concentrations of aristolochic acids than mature leaves, and stems are both harder and contain a high concentration of aristolochic acids. Larvae reared on artificial diets containing a high concentration of aristolochic acids suffered less mortality and were heavier than those reared on a diet with a lower concentration of aristolochic acids, which suggests they are phagostimulatory. A strategy of host use regulated by aristolochic acid content and tissue hardness is discussed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1767. Aristotelés o moudrosti
- Format:
- print, text, and regular print
- Type:
- model:article, article, Text, souhrny, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- -jsv-
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1768. Aristotelův pojem zdravého rozumu
- Creator:
- Petr Glombíček
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, Aristotelés, rozumnost, fronésis, soudnost, Topiky, etika, Aristotle, rationality, phronesis, judgment, Topics, ethics, 5, and 101
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Text vykládá jednotlivé pojmy, které v Aristotelově díle představují kandidáty na protějšek moderního pojmu zdravého rozumu, a uvádí je do vzájemné souvislosti. Především v logických a rétorických textech Aristotelés pracuje s termínem endoxos, který používá pro výroky a osoby, které jsou v daném společenství uznávány. V epistemologii pracuje s termínem koiné aisthésis v souvislosti s vnímáním jako takovým. Autor poukazuje na vazbu, kterou u Aristotela díky jeho práci ve fyziologii má obecná schopnost vnímat třetí klíčový pojem, který patří do etiky, totiž na fronésis. V rámci výkladu fronésis má místo také poslední bezprostředně relevantní pojem – orthos logos. Aristotelova koncepce jednání, jež Aristotelés vykládá někdy pomocí tzv. praktického sylogismu, pak ukazuje na roli uznávaných výroků jako typických obecných premis v těchto sylogismech a roli osob uznávaných pro svou fronésis jako měřítek určujících kritéria pro to, co je dobré jednání., The text interprets the particular concepts in Aristotle’s work which present themselves as candidates for being the counterpart to the modern concept of common sense, and it introduces them in their mutual relatedness. Aristotle works with the term endoxos, particularly in his logical and rhetorical texts, which he uses for statements and persons which are recognised in a given community. In epistemology he works with the term koiné aisthésis in connection with perception as such. The author points to a third concept, which Aristotle, thanks to his work in physiology, has a general ability to perceive, and which belongs to ethics: this is fronésis In an interpretation of fronésis there is also a place for the last directly relevant concept – orthos logos. Aristotle’s conception of conduct, which he sometimes interprets with the help of a so-called practical syllogism, displays the role of recognised statements as the typical general premisses in these syllogisms, and the role of persons recognised for their fronésis as the measure of the determining criteria for what is good conduct., and Petr Glombíček.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1769. Arktická expedice na souostroví Svalbard pokračuje
- Creator:
- Josef Elster, Jitka Klimešová, and Oleg Ditrich
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Přírodní vědy. Matematické vědy, aplikovaný výzkum, mikrobiologie, klimatologie, parazitologie, applied research, microbiology, climatology, parasitology, Špicberky (Norsko), Svalbard (Norway), 6, and 5
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- We feature an article this month on a research expedition to Svalbard, an archipelago between the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea. The first Czech expedition by the University of South Bohemia and of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic established a research station in the vicinity of Petuniabukta, in the northern part of Billefjorden, Isfjorden, in central Svalbard, which is the northernmost part of Norway. The Interdisciplinary project, Biological and climate diversity of the central part of the Svalbard Arctic Archipelago is a member of the Network for ARCtic Climate and Biological DIVersity Studies (ARCDIV). and Josef Elster, Jitka Klimešová, Oleg Ditrich.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
1770. Arktické fosilie a počátek evoluce cévnatých rostlin
- Creator:
- Mihulka, Stanislav
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public