In 1975–2005, we utilized data on water quality (N-NH4+, O2, Cl-) and number of carp caught (CC) as environmental data, and sport fishery statistics as species data, fromthree fishing stretches of the Berounka River, Czech Republic. An indirect gradient analysis (DCA) for calculating the strongest gradient affecting the species data, and direct linear gradient analysis (RDA) were used for assessing the relationships among environmental and species data. All RDA models were significant and consecutively explained 45.5, 39.6, and 39.7% of the variability of species data. The strength of environmental variables was evaluated by partial RDA. In the first stretch below the City of Plzeň, with the poor water quality and low carp yields, all environmental variables were significant and the CC data alone explained 26.2% variability of species data. In the second stretch, with intermediate water quality and carps yields, only two environmental variables (O2 and Cl-) were significant and in the third stretch near the city of Prague, with the same water quality and exceptionally high yields, the environmental variables did not significantly influence the species data. These results indicate that sport fishery statistics can be used as at least one source of information for studies of fish assemblages in streams where other data is lacking.
This article focuses on Qatar and its public diplomacy. Qatar, the oil-rich monarchy located in the Persian Gulf, uses the staging of famous sporting events as a very important diplomatic tool. The awarding of the football World Cup 2022 is one of the biggest success stories of Qatari public diplomacy. Nevertheless, this event is only one of many similar activities, which, along with other public diplomacy tools, is aimed at improving Qatar´s image in the region and also within the international community. If Qatar is successful in hosting the football World Cup, which is one of the most popular sporting events in the world, it will gain the prestige it craves in the international arena. and Jiří Zákravský.
The article describes how exceptional athletes become sports stars. Unlike most sociological papers, its target is the locally situated sporting subculture, only partly professionalised and medialised, examined in the example of a top-level swimming club in Brno. It draws on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic capital to present a case study of a specific sporting sub-culture based on qualitative methods, most notably in-depth interviews, unobtrusive observation, and document analysis. The sports star is here envisioned as the product of an accumulation of the sporting capital of members of a sporting club, the basic factors of which are the various types of capital the swimmers possess (social, cultural, physical, or material) and, especially, the degree to which the particular types of capital are accepted and acknowledged by other members of the swimming club. Two types of swimming star are identified. The authentic star is a successful athlete who respects the values and norms of the top-level club. By contrast, the inauthentic star ignores some of the values or disrupts the relative autonomy of the swimming sport by becoming overly involved with the mass media. The swimmers’ relationship with the media emerges as crucial; how much they object to or benefit from the influence of the media defines the authenticity of the swimmers’ status in the swimming club.
Tento článek hodnotí jev označovaný jako sportovní národnost z pohledu práva Evropské unie. Jeho cílem je posoudit soulad pravidel mezinárodních sportovních organizací upravujících příslušnost sportovců k národním týmům s konkrétními ustanoveními unijního práva. Jedná se především o ta ustanovení, která rozvíjejí zákaz diskriminace na základě státní příslušnosti v oblastech vnitřního trhu a hospodářské soutěže. Pravidla upravující sportovní národnost jsou v práci rozdělena do čtyř skupin podle toho, jak se k nim se zřetelem ke své stávající rozhodovací praxi v budoucnu pravděpodobně postaví Soudní dvůr Evropské unie. Nejprve je zkoumána otázka, zda tato pravidla vůbec spadají do působnosti práva EU, tudíž i do jurisdikce unijních soudních orgánů. V případě kladné odpovědi je dále posuzováno, zda představují překážku volnému pohybu a v případě, že ano, je hodnoceno, zda je takové omezení jako výjimka v unijním právu ospravedlnitelné a přiměřené. Výjimky jsou zkoumány z pohledu Smluv i na základě bohaté sportovní judikatury Soudního dvora Evropské unie. Vědom si neustále se zvyšujícího ekonomického dopadu sportovní činnosti dal Soudní dvůr ve svém rozsudku Meca-Medina & Majcen z roku 2006 posuzování souladu pravidel upravujících sportovní národnost s unijním právem úplně nový rozměr. and This contribution assesses sporting nationality under EU law. Its aim is to consider compliance of the rules governing athletes’ eligibility in national teams with the concrete provisions of EU law. The provisions under scrutiny are mostly those laying down the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of nationality in the fields of internal market and competition. The rules governing sporting nationality are divided into four groups according to the attitude of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which might be expected according to its current case law. The contribution firstly considers whether these rules fall within the scope of EU law and therefore must be reviewed by EU judicial authorities. If so, it is assessed whether the sporting rules constitute a restriction on provisions on free movement. Finally, the justification for and the proportionality of such restrictions are
discussed. The restrictions are assessed from the perspective of the Treaties and the case law of the Court of Justice. In its Meca-Medina & Majcen judgment of 2006, the Court gave a completely new dimension to assessing the compliance of the rules governing athletes’ eligibility with EU law.