Drugs interfering with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) improved the prognosis in patients with hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. However, combining different drugs brought no further benefit while increasing the risk of hyperkalemia, hypotension and acute renal failure. This was so with combining angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptors type 1 antagonists (ARB). Dissimilarly, in animal disease models this dual therapy proved clearly superior to single drug treatment and became the optimal standard regime for comparison with other treatments. This review analyzes the causes of the discrepancy of effects of the dual therapy between animal experiments versus clinical studies, and is focused on the outcomes in chronic kidney disease. Discussed is the role of species differences in RAAS, of the variability of the disease features in humans versus relative stability in animals, of the genetic uniformity in the animals but not in humans, and of the biased publication habits of experimental versus clinical studies. We attempt to understand the causes and reconcile the discordant findings and suggest to what extent dual RAAS inhibition should be continued in animal experiments and why its application in the clinics should be limited to strictly selected groups of patients., V. Čertíková Chábová, L. Červenka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The Material of the study has formed 78 sick, found on stationary treatment in Republican Scientific Centre Coloproktologii since 1992 on 2010. As it is seen, from table, from 78 sick mans was 58(74,3%), womans 20(25,7%). 19(24,3), sick were at age from 15 before 20 years, 49(60,2%) at age from 21 before 40 years and 13 (16,6%) sick from 41 before 60 years. The Main complaint sick at arrival were a stubborn constipations, which noted beside 70 (89,7%) sick, including absence of the independent chair existed beside 55(70,5%), but beside 54(69,2%) sick were noted periodic stomachache, growing on measure of the absence of the chair. The Ballooned belly existed beside all 78 (100%) sick moreover beside 20(25,6%) of them flatulence was constant. The Sickness and retching existed beside 24(30,7%), weakness, reduction to capacity to work beside 52(66,6%), increasing of the temperature of the body beside 10(12,8%), paradoxical diarrhoeas beside 6(7,6%) sick. Endoskopicheskiy method (rectoromonoscopy, colonoscopy) turned out to be else less informations 51,8% coincidences of the diagnosis. So we biopsy on Svensonu executed beside all sick, entered with suspicion on disease Girshprunga. In our observations from 78 sick beside 42(53,8,1%) were aboveanalni, beside 20(25,6%) sick rectalis, beside 13(16,6%)rectosigmoideys , beside 2(2,5%) leftside and beside 1(1,2%) sick subtotalis form hipoganglios. At biopsies on Svensonu on observations, from 78 sick, beside 44(56,4%) is revealled hipoganglios, but beside 35(44,8%) аganglios rectum. As can be seen from presented tables, from 78 sick beside 68(87,2%) us is executed onemoments radical operation, 10(12,8%) sick is as far as possible made resection hipoor aganglionarnaya of the zone, decompensate part of the large intestine and is formed colostomy. In all events at operations. The Remote results executed radical operation on cause disease Girshprunga traced from 1 before 10 years beside 57(73%) sick. The Results of the surgical treatment were valued on scale Vezika: good, satisfactory and unsatisfactory. In our observations beside 46(80,7%) sick results came in well, beside 10(17,5%) satisfactory and beside 1(1,8%) sick was an unsatisfactory result., Mirzahmedov M. M., Ahmedov M. A., Sapaev D. A., and Literatura
Information on the dispersal ability of flightless insect species associated with woodlands is severely lacking. Therefore, a study was conducted examining the dispersal ability of wood cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) juveniles (nymphs) and adults in a wooded landscape on the Isle of Wight, UK, to further our understanding of the ecology and management of this and other flightless insects. A series of experiments were conducted where nymphs and adults were released and observed at a range of spatial-temporal scales within different habitat environments. The results of this investigation indicated no difference in the dispersal ability of wood cricket nymphs and adults. However, adult females moved less than adult males. Adult males were found to spread twice as fast as females, and males were found capable of traversing up to 55 m away from woodland habitat through semi-natural and grazed grassland. Additionally, rates of population spread of both wood cricket nymphs and adults (males and females) were found to be accurately described by the inverse-power function, predicting only few individuals dispersing over time. Together this indicates that overall colonization success and rate of population spread, being female dependent, is likely to be low for this species. Wood crickets were found to live in and able to move along mature woodland edges directly bordering agricultural land. This indicates that conservation initiatives focusing on creating woodland corridors and developing woodland habitat networks have the potential to facilitate the spread and population viability of wood crickets, if the woodland edges are given enough time to develop. However, long-term monitoring is needed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of such approaches. and Niels C. BROUWERS, Adrian C. NEWTON, Sallie BAILEY.
The existing literature, museum records, personal reports of field biologists and our own field results were compiled to assess the present distribution of the common hamster within Transylvania and the Pannonian Plain of Romania. Combining available distribution data and the existence of natural barriers we were able to designate five, possibly separate, populations: the Pannonian Plain, the Transylvanian Plateau, the Olt Valley, the Braşov Depression and the Ciuc Depression population. The Pannonian Plain and
the Transylvanian Plateau populations showed mass outbreaks in recent years. Twenty three individuals were available for the genetic analyses. The populations belonged to the Pannonia lineage, based on the sequences of 16SrRNA, cytb and ctr of mtDNA. In general we found very high diversity in mtDNA and 16 microsatellite loci. Moreover the most common ctr haplotypes for the Transylvanian Plateau were also present in the Pannonian Plain population and in populations from Hungary and Slovakia, which indicates recent or even current exchange of individuals. Summing up, recent mass outbreaks and high levels of genetic diversity, with some indication of current or very recent gene flow, showed that Romanian populations are in good state, at least compared to many other European countries. As such, these populations should be of particular interest and placed under protection, as they could serve as the reservoir of the genetic variability for the European Pannonia lineage of the common hamster.
Food webs are of crucial importance for understanding any ecosystem. The accuracy of food web and ecosystem models rests on the reliability of the information on the feeding habits of the species involved. Water boatmen (Corixoidea) is the most diverse superfamily of water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepomorpha), frequently the most abundant group of insects in a variety of freshwater habitats worldwide. In spite of their high biomass, the importance of water boatmen in aquatic ecosystems is frequently underestimated. The diet and feeding habits of Corixoidea are unclear as published data are frequently contradictory. We summarise information on the feeding habits of this taxon, which exemplify the difficulties in evaluating published data on feeding habits in an invertebrate taxon. It is concluded that Corixoidea are, unlike other true bugs, capable of digesting solid food, but their feeding habits are still insufficiently known. The dominant feeding strategy in this taxon is zoophagy, but several species consume other foods, particularly algae and detritus. Only members of the subfamily Cymatiainae seem to be exclusively predators. In other subfamilies, the diet of different species and different sexes or populations of a single species may vary depending on the food available or is still unknown. We conclude, that a multi-method approach is needed to elucidate the feeding habits of aquatic insects and invertebrates in general., Christian W. Hädicke, Dávid Rédei, Petr Kment., and Obsahuje bibliografii
This study determined the scale of the phoresy of mesostigmatid mite by Ips typographus. Thirty pheromone traps in the Karkonosze National Park (Poland) caught 10,575 bark beetles on which there were 2,388 mesostigmatid mites belonging to eight species. The most numerous mites were Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus (1076 ind.) and Trichouropoda polytricha (1067 ind.). and Dariusz J. Gwiazdowicz, Jacek Kamczyc, Jerzy Bloszyk.
We studied visual orientation and perching behaviour of a territorial libellulid dragonfly species, Libellula quadrimaculata. The studies were performed during sunny, cloudless conditions at a pond in southern Styria, Austria, from May to July of 2001 and 2002. Individual males were observed for periods of 3 to 4 weeks.
We measured dragonfly's horizontal orientation relative to the solar azimuth, and vertical orientation relative to the solar altitude. The measurements indicated that the males had a favourable view of the sky during perching. In addition, the relative amounts of ultraviolet (UV) and blue-violet radiation in scattered light (not direct sunlight) were calculated for the whole sky and for the section of the sky viewed by the fovea. Our results show that the dorsal fovea is directed preferentially toward a section of the sky away from the sun, with less radiation but a higher UV and blue-violet saturation.
The present findings fit in well with the hypothesis, based on optical and physiological data, that the fovea, which is sensitive only to blue and UV radiation, is optimally suited to the detection of small, rapidly flying insects against the blue sky. The findings supply the first behavioural correlates of this foveal specialisation.
Vascular endothelium plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of vasoocclusion. The changes in the endothelial cell function can be triggered by changes in gene expression caused by interaction with cytokines and blood cells. Using cDNA arrays, we have recently reported complex patterns of gene expression after stimulation of endothelial cells with TNFα and IL-1β. Better understanding of the time course of gene expression changes, their concentration dependence and reversibility after withdrawal of the offending cytokine is essential for successful prevention and therapy of vasoocclusion. Here we present a detailed study of the concentration dependence and time course of gene expression in endothelial cells after their exposure to TNFα and IL-1β. We focus on the adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin) and cytokines (IL-6, GCP-2, MCP-1) that are likely to contribute to vasoocclusion. We report differences in the time course and intensity of their expression and in their response to TNFα and IL-1β stimulation. We demonstrate that expression of the studied genes is upregulated by low TNFα concentrations that better reflect the TNFα levels detected in the plasma of patients developing vasoocclusion. These results help to understand the changes in the endothelium and to design rational prevention and therapy of vasoocclusion.
One new genus with two new fossil species, Pumilanthocoris gracilis gen. n. sp. n. and P. obesus gen. n. sp. n., which were found in the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China, are described and illustrated. These are the earliest fossil records of Vetanthocoridae., Wejing Hou ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Increased colonic Cl - secretion was supposed to be a causative factor of diarrhea in inflammatory bowel diseases. Surprisingly, hyporesponsiveness to Cl - secretagogues was later described in inflamed colon. Our aim was to evaluate changes in secretory responses to cholinergic agonist ca rbachol in distal and proximal colon during colitis development, regarding secretory activity of enteric nervous system (ENS) and prostaglandins. Increased responsiveness to carbachol was observed in both distal and proximal colon after 3 days of 2 % dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) administration. It was measured in the presence of mucosal Ba2+ to emphasize Cl - secretion. The described increase was abolished by combined inhibitory effect of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and indomethacin. Indomethacin al so significantly reduced TTX- sensitive current. On the 7 th day of colitis development responsiveness to carbachol decreased in distal colon (compared to untreated mice), but did not change in proximal colon. TTX- sensitive current did not change during colitis development, but indomethacin-sensitive current was significantly increased the 7 th day. Decreased and deformed current responses to serosal Ba 2+ were observed during colitis induct ion, but only in proximal colon. We conclude that besides inhibitory effect of DSS on distal colon responsiveness, there is an early stimulatory effect that manifests in both distal and proximal colon., M. Hock ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy