The genera Preptetos Pritchard, 1960 and Neopreptetos Machida, 1982 are redefined. The following species are described and/or recorded from marine fishes. From the Great Barrier Reef: Preptetos caballeroi Pritchard, 1960 in Naso annula-tus, N. brevirnslris and N. vlamingii·, P. xesuri (Yamaguti, 1940) in Zebrasoma veliferum and Z. scopas; Preptetos cannoni Barker, Bray et Cribb, 1993 in Siganus dolialus and S. fuscescens', Preptetos laguncula sp. n. in Naso unicornis (type-host); P. impar sp. n. in Lutjanus erythropterus (type-host) and L. malabaricus·, Neopreptetos arusettae Machida, 1982 in Pomacanthus semicirculatus·, and N. kurochkini (Toman, 1989) in Chaetodontoplus meredithi. From southwestern Australia: Preptetos rotto sp. n. in Nelusetta ayraudi (type-host), Neosebastes pandus, Oplegnathus woodwardi and Pagrus auratus. The new combination Preptetos trulla (Linton, 1907) (originally Distomum then Lepocreadium) is made and the species Lepocreadium areolatum (Linton, 1900) is considered likely to belong in Preptetos.
An examination of a sample of European eels, Anguilla anguilla (L.), collected from Lake Bracciano near Rome in 1993, the only known European locality with the occurrence of the introduced swimbladder nematode Anguillicola novaezelandiae Moravec et Taraschewski, 1988, revealed for the first time the presence of two Anguillicola species, A. novaezelandiae and A. crassus. In view of the investigations carried out by current authors in Bracciano Lake in the years 1982-1992, it is apparent that the latter species has been introduced into the lake quite recently, where it quickly became a dominant species. The development of A. novaezelandiae was experimentally studied in the copepod intermediate host, Cyclops strenuus, for the first time. The copepods were infected with nematode second-stage larvae at 21-22°C; fully developed infective third-stage larvae were obtained 13 days p.i. The general morphology of individual larval stages of A. novaezelandiae was similar to that of larvae of the related species Λ. crassus.
We report the findings of a longitudinal observational study on HIV-infected patients grouped by presumed transmission group, who had diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection on these patients. Modified formol-ether concentration followed by modified Ziehl-Neelsen and phenol-auraminc/carbol-fuchsin staining techniques were used to identify Cryptosporidium from 465 patients. Cryptosporidiosis was reported in 36/465 (8% and 95% confidence interval 6, 10) patients. Of the positive patients 30 (83%) were men and 6 (17%) women. Prevalence of infection was higher among HIV-seropositive patients whose exposure category was through sexual contact (69%) than among patients in other HIV exposure categories (9%, Standard Z test, P < 0.001). Median CD4+ cell count/mm3 was 120 (range 3-600). Besides diarrhoea, the main clinical manifestations were fever and weight loss in 14 (39%) and 26 (72%) patients, respectively. Cryptosporidium infection was considered to be the first AIDS defining disease in 31% of the patients followed by tuberculosis in 19%, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 14%, Salmonella sepsis in 6%, isosporiasis in 3%, toxoplasmic encephalitis in 3%, leishmaniasis in 3% and Kaposi’s sarcoma in 3% of the patients. There was no significant difference (P = 0.82) in survival times for those given folate antagonists to treat other opportunistic infections. The decrease in prevalence of cryptosporidiosis observed from 1994 until May 1997 is not statistically significant (P = 0.11). Most cases of cryptosporidial infection in AIDS patients in Lisbon occurred in those whose HIV infection was assumed to have been acquired by the sexual route (hetero-, homo- and bisexual), with few cases occurring in drug-abusers.
This article focuses on how the actions of enemies are co-ordinated in and through the mass media. Using ethnomethodologically informed membership categorisation analysis, the authors establish links between the presentation of the September 2001 attacks on New York and Washington in the public addresses of George W. Bush, Osama bin Laden and Václav Havel. They find that all three distinguished between 'us' and 'them' in order to recruit allies and justify the continuation of violence. The us/them membership category pairs observed were 'defenders of civilisation' vs. 'terrorists' (Bush, Havel) and 'defenders of Islam' vs. 'infidel crusaders' (bin Laden). These category pairs were not separate but rather joined through shared incumbency and in contrastively coordinated formulations of the conflict. The authors show how the actions of enemies are synchronised in media dialogical networks, which provide a limited but the only means of communication.