The problem was motivated by Borůvka’s definitions of the carrier and the associated carrier. The inverse carrier problem is precisely defined and partially solved. Examples are given.
The purpose of this review is to analyze the involvement of protein kinases in the cardioprotective mechanism induced by chronic hypoxia. It has been reported that chronic intermittent hypoxia contributes to increased expression of the following kinases in the myocardium: PKCδ, PKCα, p-PKCε, p-PKCα, AMPK, p-AMPK, CaMKII, p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, PI3-kinase, p-p38, HK-1, and HK-2; whereas, chronic normobaric hypoxia promotes increased expression of the following kinases in the myocardium: PKCε, PKCβII, PKCη, CaMKII, p-ERK1/2, p-Akt, p-p38, HK-1, and HK-2. However, CNH does not promote enhanced expression of the AMPK and JNK kinases. Adaptation to hypoxia enhances HK-2 association with mitochondria and causes translocation of PKCδ, PKCβII, and PKCη to the mitochondria. It has been shown that PKCδ, PKCε, ERK1/2, and MEK1/2 are involved in the cardioprotective effect of chronic hypoxia. The role of other kinases in the cardioprotective effect of adaptation to hypoxia requires further research.
Within the framework of discrete probabilistic uncertain reasoning a large literature exists justifying the maximum entropy inference process, \ME, as being optimal in the context of a single agent whose subjective probabilistic knowledge base is consistent. In particular Paris and Vencovská completely characterised the \ME inference process by means of an attractive set of axioms which an inference process should satisfy. More recently the second author extended the Paris-Vencovská axiomatic approach to inference processes in the context of several agents whose subjective probabilistic knowledge bases, while individually consistent, may be collectively inconsistent. In particular he defined a natural multi-agent extension of the inference process \ME called the social entropy process, \SEP. However, while \SEP has been shown to possess many attractive properties, those which are known are almost certainly insufficient to uniquely characterise it. It is therefore of particular interest to study those Paris-Vencovská principles valid for \ME whose immediate generalisations to the multi-agent case are not satisfied by \SEP. One of these principles is the Irrelevant Information Principle, a powerful and appealing principle which very few inference processes satisfy even in the single agent context. In this paper we will investigate whether \SEP can satisfy an interesting modified generalisation of this principle.
Under certain conditions the isolated reaction centre (RC) of photosystem 2 (PS 2) ís highly vulnerahle to photoinduced damage. With no added secondary electron acceptors or donors tíďs damage is due to singlet oxygen generated by the P680 triplet. This triplet is formed by recombination of the radical pair PóSO+Pheo' and Ihe photoinduced damage only occurs under aerobic conditions. When an electron acceptor is present, the degradation of pigments and the Dl and D2 proteins is due to formation of P680+ and secondary oxidation processes. Under the latter but not the former condition, characteristic pattems of degradation firagments of the Dl and D2 proteins are observed. In particular 24 and 17 kDa breakdown firagments of Dl are obtained while the D2 protein yields firagments having molecular masses of 29 and 21 kDa. Experiments involving the use of antibodies, radiophosphate and speciííc proteolytic digestion indicate that all four firagments contain the C-terminal portions of their mature proteins. These findings indicate that the proteolytic cleavage sites are positioned on the lumenal side of the membrane, particularly in the region spanning transmembrane helices I and II. Related studies on the 24 lď)a Dl protein fragment generated in vivo using Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 by photoinhibitory treatment give the same conclusion for this firagment. Such a conclusion seems to contrast with the previous suggestion that the initial cleavage of Dl protein associated with its degradatíon and tumover occurs on the outer side of membrane in the region spanning transmembrane helices IV and V.
This paper reflects on the different faces of asset-based welfare from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. It shows that asset-based welfare can be perceived as a lever for welfare state restructuring but also as an instrument for poverty eradication. In most countries, asset-based welfare policies focus on stimulating home-ownership. The general idea is that by becoming a homeowner, households build up equity that can be released for care and pension purposes in old age. However, there are signs that such policies increase inequality between homeowners (depending on the location of the dwelling and/or the period in which it was bought), but particularly so between homeowners and tenants. We therefore contend that home-ownership based welfare policies need a clear and fundamental specification of the role of the government: how to deal with housing market risks and how to prevent politically unacceptable levels of inequality and exclusion?
River runoff and sediment transport are two related random hydrologic variables. The traditional statistical analysis method usually requires those two variables to be linearly correlated, and also have an identical marginal distribution. Therefore, it is difficult to know exactly the characteristics of the runoff and sediment in reality. For this reason, copulas are applied to construct the joint probability distribution of runoff and sediment in this article. The risk of synchronous-asynchronous encounter probability of annual rich-poor runoff and sediment is also studied. At last, the characteristics of annual runoff and sediment with multi-time scales in its joint probability distribution space are simulated by empirical mode decomposition method. The results show that the copula function can simulate the joint probability distribution of runoff and sediment of Huaxia hydrological station in Weihe River well, and that such joint probability distribution has very complex change characteristics at time scales.
This paper develops an account of judge-dependence, conceived of as a generalization of the better known notion of response-dependence. It then solves a number of problems for the view that aesthetic judgements are judge-dependent in this sense. Finally, a parallel case for the judge-dependence of moral judgement is assessed.
As a consequence of a unique historical fact – the dissolution of Czechoslovakia – the divergencebetween the two social systems of the successor states occurred and caused unequal treatment of those oldagepensioners, previous citizens of the federal state, whose employer had had, by chance, its seat in the territoryof the other successor state. The subsequent decision-making over the pension claims of these citizensresulted in controversial judgments not only at the national but also at the Union level. The article focuseson the recent evolution in European Union Court of Justice case “Landtova” (C-399-09) as reflected in theCzech Constitutional Court’s judgement (Pl. ÚS 5/12) stating that EU law is inapplicable in these cases andtherefore the above mentioned decision of CJEU is ultra vires. In this context the auricle deals with relationshipof national and EU law in light of the principle of conferral, division of powers and cooperation betweenthe national and European Union courts.