The article provides a reassessment of Aristotle’s accounts of Socrates, which modern historians describe as one of the four main sources in solving the so-called Socratic problem. In the first part, the article returns to the grammatical distinction by which Aristotle mentions Socrates’ name. In the next part, it analyzes those places in Metaphysics and in Aristotle’s ethical writings that make mention of Socrates. In a more detailed fashion the structure of Aristotle’s Protrepticus, in which Socrates does not appear but his absence could be important for understanding Aristotle’s approach to philosophy, is then presented. In the last part, the article returns to the problem of the Sokratikoi logoi and asks whether Aristotle uses this term to mean a prose genre in which the fictional is mixed with the historical. These respective analyzes lead us to the conclusion that Aristotle worked freely with the character of Socrates, relying primarily on the representations of Socrates in Plato’s dialogues. Thus, Aristotle’s accounts do not help us in the reconstruction of Socrates’ historical attitudes. and Článok sa pokúša o prehodnotenie Aristotelových správ o Sókratovi, ktoré označujú moderní historici za jeden zo štyroch hlavných zdrojov pri riešení tzv. sókratovského problému. V prvej časti sa článok vracia ku gramatickému rozlíšeniu, ktorým Aristotelés uvádza Sókratovo meno. V ďalšej časti podrobuje analýze jednotlivé miesta v Metafyzike a v etických spisoch, ktoré sa zmieňujú o Sókratovi. Podrobnejšie sa pristavuje pri štruktúre Aristotelovho Protreptika, v ktorom Sókratés nevystupuje, ale jeho absencia by mohla byť významná pre pochopenie aristotelovského prístupu k filosofii. V poslednej časti sa vracia k problematike Sókratikoi logoi a kladie si otázku, či má Aristotelés na mysli pod týmto výrazom prozaický žáner, v ktorom sa mieša fiktívne s historickým. Jednotlivé analýzy vyúsťujú do záveru, že Aristotelés pracuje s postavou Sókrata voľne, opiera sa hlavne o obrazy Sókrata v Platónových dialógoch, takže Aristotelove správy nám nepomáhajú pri rekonštrukcii Sókratových historických postojov.
Arlenelepis harpiprioni gen. et sp. n. (Cyclophyllidea, Dilepididae) is described from the plumbeous ibis Harpiprion caerulescens (Vieillot) (Ciconiiformes, Threskiornithidae) in Province Concepción, Paraguay. This cestode is characterised by a very small body (not exceeding 5 mm in length) consisting of about 30 proglottides, musculo-glandular rostellar apparatus, rostellar hooks arranged in two regular rows, few testes (7-10 in number) situated mostly in a post-ovarian group but one testis pre-ovarian, a large oval cirrus sac reaching antiporal osmoregulatory canals, massive cirrus armed with needle-shaped and thorn-shaped spines, long convoluted vagina, and longitudinally elongate sacciform horseshoe-shaped uterus with deep lobes of the medial uterine wall. The new genus is unique among the family Dilepididae in possessing a rhynchus armed with conical spines.
Interwar Romania was infamous for its many violent political and
social scenes. Some of these scenes represented exclusionary violence in its basic form, such as riots against Jews (and sometimes against other minorities) in 1922 and most prominently in 1927. But many other forms of violence were customary in Greater Romania. Clashes between villagers, destruction of memorials and statues, armed violence against the opposition electorate,beating up of politicians and occasional revolts against the authorities concerned an ever-growing state security apparatus that was rarely able to control these eruptions. Their persistence makes them suspicious of being a systemic phenomenon. In this article I argue that violence in this widespread form was a structural characteristic of Greater Romania, the result of systemic factors in
the new state. A loosening of moral constraint due to the preceding first world war, subsequent revolutions (and paramilitary endeavours) and the deficiencies of the state together had a decisive impact on the formation of a political culture that fostered violence from time to time. These factors on the one hand legitimized violence as a form of political action and, on the other hand, they resulted from and impeded successful nation building, and the realizationof the state’s promises for the nation. Thus, interwar Romania became a failing nation state and as such it facilitated popular forms of violence that was widely felt being justified by the legitimacy enjoyed by the ideology of the
nation-state. and Obsahuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
článek z časopisu Elektrotechnický obzor 27(7), 97-99 (1938). and František Nachtikal. (Společný úvod k tomuto a dalším 2 textům uvádí redakce na straně 249.)
The impoundment located near the village of Poša in eastern Slovakia is a significant source of arsenic. Waters penetrating the impoundment become enriched in As and other potentially toxic elements. As a consequence, the Kyjov brook and the Ondava River have been extensively polluted by arsenic. Although, zinc is of minor environmental significance regarding pollution in the area, it was also monitored to compare its behaviour with that of arsenic. The mobility and solid-state distribution of As and Zn in the impoundment materials and stream sediments have been investigated using a five-step sequential extraction procedure. Moreover, to investigate the bioavailability of As and Zn, two native plant species (Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis) growing at the site were collected and analyzed. The As concentrations in representative sediment and water samples ranged from 36.28 to 3208.35 mg kg-1 and from 4.05 to 612.8 μg l-1, respectively, both being many times above the background levels. The Zn concentrations of environmental importance were found to be high only in the impoundment materials (up to 3390 mg kg-1). Although a part of As was present in a readily soluble form (6.62%), the majority of As was mainly associated with Fe/Mn oxides (37.30%) and residual phases (51%). Similarly, the most dominant fractions for zinc distribution were Fe/Mn oxides (38.5%), residual (34%) and exchangeable (18%). Combined results of the sequential extraction tests as well as chemical and mineralogical analysis indicated that As mobilisation potential from the sediments is likely controlled by Fe/Mn oxyhydroxide mineral phases. Plants growing in the impoundment had As concentrations 10 to 100 times higher than the same plants growing in a relatively nonpolluted area, indicating an enhanced bioavailability of arsenic in the area with high total As contents in the impoundment materials. and Odkalisko, ktoré sa nachádza pri obci Poša (východné Slovensko), je významným zdrojom arzénu. Vody presakujúce cez materiál uložený v odkalisku sa tak obohacujú o As a ďalšie potenciálne toxické prvky. Dôsledkom je výrazné znečistenie toku Kyjov a rieky Ondava arzénom. Aj keď v tejto oblasti zinok nepredstavuje až tak veľký environmentálny problém, je zahrnutý v tejto štúdii s cieľom porovnať správanie sa týchto dvoch potenciálne toxických prvkov. Na štúdium pohyblivosti a distribúcie As a Zn v materiáloch odkaliska a v riečnych sedimentoch sa použila päťkroková sekvenčná extrakcia. Okrem toho sme skúmali bioprístupnosť As a Zn v dvoch typoch rastlín (Typha latifolia a Phragmites australis), ktoré prednostne rastú na odkalisku. Koncentrácie As v odobratých vzorkách sedimentov boli v intervale od 36,28 do 3208,35 mg kg-1 a v povrchových vodách od 4,05 do 612,8 μg l-1. Tieto koncentrácie sú oveľa vyššie ako pozaďové hodnoty pre danú oblasť. Bolo zistené, že koncentrácie Zn významné z hľadiska znečistenia sú vysoké len v odkaliskových materiáloch (až 3390 mg kg-1). Aj keď určitý podiel As v sedimentoch bol prítomný v ľahko rozpustnej forme (6,62 %), väčšina As bola viazaná na oxidy Fe a Mn (37,30 %) a reziduálne fázy (51 %). Podobné to bolo pri Zn, pričom najdôležitejšie pre jeho distribúciu boli oxidy Fe a Mn (38,5 %), reziduálne fázy (34 %) a vymeniteľné pozície (18 %). Kombinované výsledky sekvenčných extrakcií ako aj chemickej a mineralogickej analýzy ukázali, že mobilizácia As zo sedimentov úzko súvisí s prítomnými minerálmi zo skupiny oxyhydroxidov Fe a Mn. Rastliny vyskytujúce sa na odkalisku obsahovali 10- až 100-násobne vyššie koncentrácie As ako tie isté rastliny odobraté z relatívne neznečistenej oblasti. Táto skutočnosť poukazuje na zvýšenú bioprístupnosť arzénu na skúmanom odkalisku, ktoré je typické vysokými obsahmi celkového As v uložených materiáloch.