The aim of this study is to explore the sources of attitude constraints regarding the role of government in the economy, and to find out whether the sources of these constraints are the same as in Western democracies. Use is made of Converse’s approach to conceptualize attitude constraint where an individual’s belief system is seen to be a configuration of attitudes and values characterized by a functional interdependence, or constraint. This constraint may be interpreted in terms of the probability of being able to predict one attitude having knowledge of another. In this study, there is a review of the sources of attitude constraint and related measurement issues. Using ISSP 2006 (Role of Government module) an analysis of attitudinal constraints is presented using two attitudinal scales. This research confirms that the sources of attitude constraint in the Czech Republic are similar to those observed in Western Europe and the USA. Specifically, class, education, and other social-demographic variables are shown to have very limited effects. Moreover, Converse’s contention that attitude constraints are strongly determined by political involvement, political knowledge, or party identification is also shown to be valid for Czech society., Lukáš Linek., 1 obrázek, 4 tabulky, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
Tento text se věnuje nárůstu mimomanželské plodnosti v České republice. V úvodu připomíná, že současná sociologie nabízí dvě vysvětlení, proč k tomuto trendu dochází. Prvním je tzv. teorie druhého demografického přechodu a druhým odkaz na zneužívání sociálních dávek. Tento článek nabízí další vysvětlení, proč se zvyšuje podíl žen, které rodí děti mimo manželství, a to zvláště mezi matkami s nízkým vzděláním. Data Sociální a ekonomické podmínky mateřství totiž naznačují, že rostoucí mimomanželskou plodnost je možné do značné míry připsat osamělému mateřství, a to zvláště v nižších sociálních vrstvách. V posledním sledovaném období neměla v době porodu stálého partnera již více než polovina matek se základním vzděláním; muži se základním vzděláním mají rovněž po rozchodu s partnerkou velmi omezené kontakty se svými dětmi., Dana Hamplová., 6 tabulek, and Obsahuje bibliografii
This article explores how aggregate level data may be used to make inferences about individual level behaviour. A common strategy in the past was to assume that the relations evident in aggregated data are also present in individual data. Analysis of datasets where there is both individual and aggregated information demonstrates that this assumption is most often incorrect. This means that the relationships observed between variables at an aggregated level are unlikely to be observed in individual level data. This is a problem because quite often social scientists only have aggregated data for exploring individual level behaviour. A key question explored in this article is how is it possible to validly and reliably use aggregated datasets to make inferences about relationships between variables at the individual level. An example analysis is given using electoral data from the Czech Republic., Pat Lyons., 4 obrázky, 4 tabulky, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
In this paper a comparison is made between the Czech Republic and other European countries regarding attitudes toward the ideal timing for childbirth. In 1990s there was a sharp increase in the postponement of the transition to parenthood in the Czech Republic. This development raises the question: Are normative beliefs in the Czech Republic regarding the timing of childbirth changing, and if so, are they becoming similar to the attitudes present in Western Europe? After a brief outline of the concept of age norms, beliefs regarding the ideal age of when to become a parent in European countries are explored using data from the European Social Survey 2006. In the final part of this paper there is a detailed analysis of Czech attitudes toward the ideal timing of the birth of the first child, using CVVM survey data from 2006, with a specific focus on cohort and educational differences. This research reveals that Czech attitudes toward the ideal age for mothers having a first child is intermediate between the patterns observed in (a) East European countries where the ideal is for a younger age, and (b) West European states where an older age preference is prevalent. In contrast, the ideal age for becoming a father for the first time in the Czech Republic is one of the oldest in Europe. Significantly, the proportion of the population that rejects age norms for reproduction exhibits little systematic pattern across Europe. Within the Czech Republic the survey evidence indicates that those who are less than 35 years old, and those who are most educated have a significantly older ideal age for having a first child than all others., Jana Chaloupková., 2 grafy, 6 tabulek, Obsahuje bibliografii, and Anglické resumé
Jiří Náprstek et al., Pořadatelé: Ústav teoretické a aplikované mechaniky AV ČR, v. v. i., Ústav termomechaniky AV ČR, v. v. i, Ústav mechaniky těles, mechatroniky a biomechaniky FSI VUT, ŽĎAS, a.s., Česká společnost pro mechaniku, International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science., and Věnováno památce Prof. Ing. Aleše Tondla, DrSc. a Ing. Ladislava Půsta, DrSc.