We examined the effect of ethanol on single potassium channels derived from plasma membranes of bovine tracheal smooth muscles. The observed potassium channels had a conductance of 296±31 pS (mean ± S.D.) in symmetrical 250 mmol/l KCl solutions, and exhibited a voltage- and Ca2+-dependence similar to BKCa channels. Ethanol at 50, 100 and 200 mM concentrations increased the probability of open potassium channels to 112±5, 127±7 and 121±13% (mean ± S.E.M.), respectively. It is suggested that increased activity of the BKCa channels by ethanol hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane and thus may contribute to relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle., V. Komínková, M. Magová, A. Mojžišová, Ľ. Máleková, K. Ondriaš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The cornerstone of cardiovascular risk management is lifestyle intervention including exercise which could exert favorable impact also in renal transplant recipients. Nevertheless, reliable assessment of the effect of lifestyle interventions is complicated and the available data in this population are not consistent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of physical activity on selected laboratory markers of vascular health including circulating stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, microparticles, and plasma asymmetric dimethyl arginine in renal transplant recipients. Nineteen men and 7 women were recruited in 6-month program of standardized and supervised exercise. Control group consisted of 23 men and 13 women of similar age and body mass i ndex not included into the program. One year after the transplantation, the main difference between intervention and control group was found in the change of endothelial progenitor cells (p=0.006). Surprisingly, more favorable change was seen in the contro l group in which endothelial progenitor cells significantly increased compared to the intervention group. The explanation of this finding might be a chronic activation of reparative mechanisms of vascular system in the population exposed to multiple risk factors which is expressed as relatively increased number of endothelial progenitor cells. Therefore, their decrease induced by exercise might reflect stabilization of these processes., J. Piťha, I. Králová Lesná, P. Stávek, A. Mahrová, J. Racek, A. Sekerková, V. Teplan, M. Štollová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
a1_In the present work the effects of fasting and refeeding on fat pad weight and alkaline phosphatase activity in the brush border of individual duodenal enterocytes have been evaluated in male Wistar rats with obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment during the early postnatal period. Neonatal rats were treated subcutaneously with MSG (2 mg/g b.w.) or saline (controls) for 4 days after birth. At 4 months of age, two types of experiments were performed. In the first experiment rats, were submitted to 3 or 6 days lasting food deprivation. In the second experiment the rats were refed for 3 or 6 days ad libitum or restrictedly (60 % of pre-fasting intake) after a 6 day-fasting period. Fasting and refeeding influenced the body fat and function of the duodenum in MSG-treated rats differently as compared to the controls. However, alkaline phosphatase activity and the weight of epididymal and retroperitoneal fat depots were significantly increased in MSG obese rats (P<0.001) during all the periods examined. While 3 days of food deprivation resulted in both groups in a similar loss of adipose tissue weight and alkaline phosphatase activity, the decrements of these parameters after 6 days of fasting were lower in obese rats suggesting that their capacity to spare body fat stores was enhanced. After 3 days of ad libitum refeeding, a more marked adaptational increase of food consumption and also a significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity above the pre-fasting level (P<0.01) was observed in the MSG-treated rats. Consequently, a more rapid body fat restoration was demonstrated in these animals. Refeeding of rats at 60 % of the pre-fasting intake level resulted in a significant increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in both the MSG and control group; moreover, as food restriction continued, MSG-treated rats tended to further increase the enzyme activity., a2_Our results revealed that MSG treatment of neonatal rats may significantly change the intestinal functions. Permanently increased alkaline phosphatase activity observed in MSG obese rats during all investigated periods suggests that this functional alteration is probably not a consequence of actual nutritional variation but could be a component of regulatory mechanisms maintaining their obesity at critical values., Ľ. Raček, Ľ. Lenhardt, Š. Mozeš., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Intrauterine and perinatal life are critical periods for programming of cardiometabolic diseases. However, their relative role remains controversial. We aimed to assess, at weaning, sexdependent alterations induced by fetal or postnatal nutritional interventions on key organs for metabolic and cardiovascular control. Fetal undernutrition was induced by dam food restriction (50 % from mid-gestation to delivery) returning to ad libitum throughout lactation (Maternal Undernutrition, MUN, 12 pups/litter). Postnatal overfeeding (POF) was induced by litter size reduction from normally fed dams (4 pups/litter). Compared to control, female and male MUN offspring exhibited: 1) low birth weight and accelerated growth, reaching similar weight and tibial length by weaning, 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) increased ventricular weight and tendency to reduced kidney weight (males only). Female and male POF offspring showed: 1) accelerated growth; 2) increased glycemia, liver and white fat weights; 3) unchanged heart and kidney weights. In conclusion, postnatal accelerated growth, with or without fetal undernutrition, induces early alterations relevant for metabolic disease programming, while fetal undernutrition is required for heart abnormalities. The progression of cardiac alterations and their role on hypertension development needs to be evaluated. The similarities between sexes in pre-pubertal rats suggest a role of sex-hormones in female protection against programming., D. Muñon-Valverde, P. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, P. Y. Gutierrez-Arzapalo, A. L. López de Pablo, M. Carmen González, R. López-Giménez, B. Somoza, S. M. Arribas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Activation of GABAB receptors leads to longer inhibitory postsynaptic potentials than activation of GABAA receptors. Therefore GABAB receptors may be a target for anticonvulsant therapy. The present study examined possible effects of GABAB receptor agonist SKF97541 on cortical and hippocampal epileptic afterdischarges (ADs). Epileptic ADs elicited by electrical stimulation of sensorimotor cortex or dorsal hippocampus were studied in adult male Wistar rats. Stimulation series were applied 6 times with 10- or 20-min interval. Either interval was efficient for reliable elicitation of cortical ADs but stimulation at 10-min intervals did not reliably elicit hippocampal ADs, many stimulations were without effect. SKF97541 in dose 1 mg/kg significantly prolonged cortical ADs. Duration of hippocampal ADs was not significantly changed by either dose of SKF97541 in spite of a marked myorelaxant effect of the higher dose. Our present data demonstrated that neither cortical nor hippocampal ADs in adult rats were suppressed by GABAB receptor agonist SKF97541. Proconvulsant effect on cortical ADs indicates a different role in these two brain structures. In addition, duration of refractory period for electrically-induced ADs in these two structures in adult rats is different., P. Fábera, P. Mares., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The role of neuroendocrine responsiveness in the development of orthostatic intolerance after bed rest was studied in physically fit subjects. Head-down bed-rest (HDBR, -6 degrees, 4 days) was performed in 15 men after 6 weeks of aerobic training. The standing test was performed before, after training and on day 4 of the HDBR. Orthostatic intolerance was observed in one subject before and after training. The blood pressure response after training was enhanced (mean BP increments 18±2 vs. 13±2 mm Hg, p<0.05, means ± S.E.M.), although noradrenaline response was diminished (1.38±0.18 vs. 2.76±0.25 mol.l-1, p<0.01). Orthostatic intolerance after HDBR was observed in 10 subjects, the BP response was blunted, and noradrenaline as well as plasma renin activity (PRA) responses were augmented (NA 3.10±0.33 mol.l-1, p<0.001; PRA 2.98±1.12 vs. 0.85±0.15 ng.ml-1, p<0.05). Plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline and aldosterone responses in orthostatic intolerant subjects were similar to the tolerant group. We conclude that six weeks of training attenuated the sympathetic response to standing and had no effect on the orthostatic tolerance. In orthostatic intolerance the BP response induced by subsequent HDBR was absent despite an enhanced sympathetic response., J. Koška, L. Kšinantová, R. Kvetňanský, M. Marko, D. Hamar, M. Vigaš, R. Hatala., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Hindlimb unweighting (HU) leads to capillary regression in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanism(s) remains to be elucidated. To gain insight into the regulation of this process, we investigated gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin, and their receptors in the atrophied muscle induced by HU. The hindlimbs of mice were unweighted by tail-suspension and then the gastrocnemius muscles were isolated after 10 days. To assess the capillary distribution, the capillary endothelium in frozen transverse sections was identified by staining for alkaline phosphatase. The mRNA levels were analyzed using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. After 10 days of HU, the number of capillaries around a muscle fiber was significantly decreased by 19.5 %, suggesting that capillary regression appears to occur. The expression of HIF-1α was significantly down-regulated after 10 days of HU. The expression of VEGF remained unchanged, whereas those of Flt-1, KDR/Flk-1, and neuropilin-1 were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that VEGF signaling through these receptors would be attenuated. The expression of angiopoietin-1, and -2, as well as their receptor, Tie-2 were also significantly down-regulated, suggesting that angiopoietin-1 signaling through Tie-2 would be attenuated. These findings suggest that alterations in expression of VEGF, angiopoietins, and their receptors may be associated with capillary regression after HU., A. Wagatsuma., and Obsahuje biblografii a bibliografické odkazy
Several neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, or vascular dementia and cognitive impairment, are associated with mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is defined as an increas e of the homocysteine (Hcy) level beyond 10 μM. Although the adverse effect of Hcy on neurons is well documented, knowledge about the impact of this amino acid on glial cells is missing. Therefore, with the aim to evaluate the neurotoxic properties of Hcy on glial cells, we used a glioblastoma cell line as a study model. The viability of cells was assayed biochemically and cytologically. At a concentration around 50 μM in the culture medium D,L -Hcy induced cell death. It is noteworthy that Hcy induces cell death of human glial cells at concentrations encountered during mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Therefore, we propose that Hcy -induced impairment of neuronal functions along with damage of glial cells may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia., H. Škovierová, S. Mahmood, E. Blahovcová, J. Hatok, J. Lehotský, R. Murín., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effect of different host plants on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) body size was investigated. Thrips from three different populations, from the Netherlands, Italy, and USA, achieved greater body sizes when reared on cucumber than on bean. The same thrips grew larger when reared on susceptible than on resistant cucumber. On the latter, reproduction was reduced, suggesting that smaller thrips have a lower reproduction. However, no evidence was found for a correlation between size and reproduction in experiments with thrips from four different populations, from the Netherlands, New Zealand, France, and USA that differed significantly in body size. Also when individual thrips from the four populations were tested, there was no correlation between size and reproduction. It is concluded that resistant cucumber affects both size and reproduction of F. occidentalis. However, lower reproduction in general is not associated with smaller body size., Willem Jan de Kogel, Domenico Bosco, Marieke van der Hoek, Chris Mollema, and Lit