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1242. Prognózy šírenia znečišťujúcich látok z bodových zdrojov vo zvodnenom systéme v zóne vplyvu navrhovaného vodného diela Sereď-Hlohovec

Creator:
Burger, František and Čelková, Anežka
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
groundwater quality, transport and dispersion of dissolved matters, lower Vah River basin, Sered-Hlohovec waterwork, point sources of pollution, MT3D transport model, simulations and forecasts, kvalita podzemnej vody, transport a disperzia látok, povodie dolného Váhu, vodné dielo Sereď-Hlohovec, bodové zdroje znečisťovania, transportný model MT3D, and simulácie a prognózy
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The paper describes the main point sources of groundwater pollution in the Lower Váh River flood plain in the zone of influence of the designed waterwork Sereď-Hlohovec. These are the sludge beds of the Wire Mill Hlohovec and the industrial waste of nickel production (futher only waste) depot near Sereď town. The plumes of propagation of representatives of non-adsorbing dissolved matters in ground water - chlorides and nitrates - were acquired by simulation by means of transport models created by the MT3D code. The forecasts of pollutant propagation assuming steady ground water flow were elaborated for the derivation variant of the designed waterwork and for the so-called do-nothing variant, i.e. the forecasted water regime of the territory in case the waterwork is not built. As chlorides are leaking from the sludge bed of the Wire Mill Hlohovec, j.s.c. and assuming that their concentration will remain as high as at present, the possibility of direct manifestations of ground water quality deterioration in the surrounding of the sludge bed has to be reckoned with if the waterwork is built and operated but also in the event that the waterwork will not be built at all. Similarly, we may state that the leakage of nitrates from the waste depot will result in the deterioration of water quality in the surroundings and that the pollution will spread towards Galanta town and Gáň. By comparing the plumes of pollutant propagation and concentration we found out, that the Sereď-Hlohovec waterwork will affect neither the direction of propagation, nor the concentration of nitrates leaking from the waste depot near Sereď. and V príspevku sú opísané hlavné bodové zdroje znečisťovania podzemnej vody v poriečnej nive dolného Váhu v zóně vplyvu navrhovaného vodného diela Sereď-Hlohovec, ktorými sú kalové pole Drôtovne a.s., Hlohovec a skládka luženca blízko Seredě. Pomocou matematického transportného programu MT3D boli získané jazyky šírenia koncentrácie reprezentantou neadsorbujúcich rozpustených látok v podzemnej vode - chloridov a dusičnanov. Prognózy šírenia kontaminantov za predpokladu ustáleného stavu prúdenia podzemnej vody boli vypracované pre derivačný variant navrhovaného vodného diela a pre tzv. nulový variant, t.j. prognózovaný vodný režim územia, ak by sa stavba vodného diela nerealizovala. Pri existencii únikov chloridov z kalového poľa Drôtovne a.s., Hlohovec a za predpokladu, že ich koncentrácia bude rovnako vysoká ako je v súčasnosti, treba počítať s možnosťou priamych prejavov zhoršovania sa kvality podzemnej vody v okolí kalového poľa, a to v prípade výstavby a prevádzky vodného diela, ale aj v prípade, že sa vodné dielo stavať nebude. Podobne možno konštatovať, že pri únikoch dusičnanov z okolia skládky luženca pri Seredi bude docházať k zhoršovania kvality podzemných vôd v blízkom okolí a jazyk znečistenia bude postupovať smerom na Galantu a Gáň. Porovnaním jazykov šírenia kontaminantu a jeho koncentrácie bolo zistené, že vodné dielo Sereď-Hlohovec nebude mať vplyv ani na smer pohybu ani na koncentráciu dusičnanov šíriacich sa z okolia skládky luženca.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1243. Projected changes in flood-generating precipitation extremes over the Czech Republic in high-resolution regional climate models

Creator:
Kyselý, Jan, Gaál, Ladislav, and Beranová, Romana
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
precipitation extremes, regional frequency analysis, climate change, regional climate models, the Czech Republic, zrážkové extrémy, regionálna frekvenčná analýza, klimatická zmena, regionálne klimatické modely, and Česká republika
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Climate change scenarios of high quantiles of 5-day precipitation amounts (proxies for flood-generating events) over the Czech Republic are evaluated in an ensemble of high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations from the ENSEMBLES project. The region-of-influence method of the regional frequency analysis is applied as a pooling scheme. This means that for any single gridbox, a homogeneous region (set of gridboxes) is identified and data from that region are used when fitting the Generalized Extreme Value distribution. The climate change scenarios for the late 21st century (2070-2099) show widespread increases in high quantiles of 5-day precipitation amounts in winter, consistent with projected changes in mean winter precipitation. In summer, increases in precipitation extremes occur despite an overall drying (prevailing declines in mean summer precipitation), which may have important hydrological implications. The results for summer suggest a possible substantial change in characteristics of warm-season precipitation over Central Europe, with more severe dry as well as wet extremes. The spatial pattern of projected changes in summer precipitation extremes, with larger increases in the western part of the area and smaller changes towards east, may also point to a declining role of Mediterranean cyclones in producing precipitation extremes in Central Europe in a future climate. However, uncertainties of the climate change scenarios remain large, which is partly due to biases in reproducing precipitation characteristics in climate models, partly due to large differences among the RCMs, and partly due to factors that are poorly or not at all represented in the examined ensemble. The latter are related also to uncertainties in future emission scenarios and socio-economic development in general. and Práca analyzuje scenáre klimatickej zmeny pre vysoké kvantily 5-denných úhrnov zrážok (ktoré predstavujú možné riziko z pohľadu tvorby povodňových udalostí) na území Českej republiky, a to na základe širšej množiny simulácií z regionálnych klimatických modelov (RCM) s vysokým priestorovým rozlíšením, dostupných z projektu ENSEMBLES. Kvantily zrážkových extrémov sa odhadujú na základe metódy vplyvného regiónu, ktorá je jedným z variantov regionálnej frekvenčnej analýzy. To znamená, že pre každý gridový bod sa identifikuje jedinečný homogénny región (t.j. množina ďalších gridových bodov) a zrážkové údaje dostupné zo všetkých gridových bodov v rámci daného regiónu sa zužitkujú v procese odhadovania kvantilov využitím zovšeobecneného extremálneho rozdelenia. Scenáre klimatickej zmeny pre obdobie posledných troch dekád 21. storočia (2070-2099) naznačujú rozsiahly nárast vysokých kvantilov 5-denných úhrnov zrážok počas zimy, čo je v súlade s predpokladanými zmenami v priemerných úhrnoch zrážok za zimu. V lete sa tiež očakáva zvýšenie extrémnych úhrnov zrážok, čo môže v súvislosti s predpokladaným všeobecným úbytkom zrážok v tomto období (t.j. napriek prevažujúcemu poklesu priemerných úhrnov zrážok v lete) viesť k vážnym hydrologickým následkom. Výsledky pre leto naznačujú zásadnú zmenu v režime úhrnov zrážok v strednej Európe v teplom období roka, spojenú s častejším výskytom nepriaznivých suchých aj vlhkých extrémov. Priestorové rozdelenie predpokladaných zmien v extrémnych úhrnoch zrážok za leto - s vyšším nárastom v západných častiach skúmanej oblasti a postupne menej výrazným nárastom smerom na východ - zrejme poukazuje na slabnúcu úlohu stredomorských cyklón pri tvorbe zrážkových extrémov v strednej Európe v nastávajúcich klimatických podmienkach. Treba však podotknúť, že neurčitosť scenárov klimatickej zmeny je stále veľká, a to jednak v dôsledku nepresností v reprodukcii charakteristík úhrnov zrážok v klimatických modeloch, ďalej kvôli významným rozdielom medzi jednotlivými RCM, a nakoniec aj v dôsledku klimatických faktorov, ktoré sú slabo reprezentované, prípadne nie sú vôbec zahrnuté v analyzovanej množine výstupov klimatických modelov. Spomínané klimatické faktory takisto závisia od emisných scenárov skleníkových plynov, resp. od socio-ekonomického vývoja ľudstva vo všeobecnosti.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1244. Projected changes of rainfall event characteristics for the Czech Republic

Creator:
Svoboda, Vojtěch, Hanel, Martin, Máca, Petr, and Kyselý, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
rainfall event, hourly rainfall, regional climate model, and climate change
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Projected changes of warm season (May-September) rainfall events in an ensemble of 30 regional climate model (RCM) simulations are assessed for the Czech Republic. Individual rainfall events are identified using the concept of minimum inter-event time and only heavy events are considered. The changes of rainfall event characteristics are evaluated between the control (1981-2000) and two scenario (2020-2049 and 2070-2099) periods. Despite a consistent decrease in the number of heavy rainfall events, there is a large uncertainty in projected changes in seasonal precipitation total due to heavy events. Most considered characteristics (rainfall event depth, mean rainfall rate, maximum 60-min rainfall intensity and indicators of rainfall event erosivity) are projected to increase and larger increases appear for more extreme values. Only rainfall event duration slightly decreases in the more distant scenario period according to the RCM simulations. As a consequence, the number of less extreme heavy rainfall events as well as the number of long events decreases in majority of the RCM simulations. Changes in most event characteristics (and especially in characteristics related to the rainfall intensity) depend on changes in radiative forcing and temperature for the future periods. Only changes in the number of events and seasonal total due to heavy events depend significantly on altitude.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1246. Projev klimatické anomálie 1992 - 1996 v odtokových poměrech na povodí Liz

Creator:
Šír, Miloslav, Tesař, Miroslav, Lichner, Ľubomír, and Syrovátka, Oldřich
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
hydrologic cycle, precipitation, runoff, hydrologický cyklus, srážky, and odtoky
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2, mean discharge 0.01m3 s-1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 oC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-1991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991. and Hydrologic cycle in the Liz catchment is described with an anomaly in the vegetation seasons 1992- 1996. Experimental catchment Liz is located in the Šumava Mts. in the Czech Republic. The fully forested watershed is covered by mature spruce forest, and its basic characteristics are as follows: drainage area 0.99 km2 , mean discharge 0.01m3 s -1, runoff coefficient 0.38, mean annual air temperature 6.30 ºC, average slope 17 %, basin length 1.45 km, water course length 1.43 km, elevation 828-1074 m a.s.l., precipitation sum 851 mm year-1, and runoff depth 324 mm year-1. Air temperature, precipitation, global radiation, and discharge in the closing profile are measured in the catchment. It is characteristic for hydrologic cycle in the catchment that the share of seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature was nearly constant in 1983-2000. However, the seasonal sums of both the global radiation and temperature were changed considerably in 1983-2000. Similarly, the share of seasonal sums of both the rainfall and runoff was nearly constant in 1983-991 and 1997-1999. An anomalous course of climate was registered in 1992-1996, manifested by a deviation on the double mass curve of the seasonal sums of rainfall and runoff. Stabilised elsewhere, the ratio of rainfall and runoff is changed during the vegetation seasons 1992-1996. Starting from the 1997 season, this ratio has obtained the value held before 1992. The reason of the 1992-1996 anomaly of hydrologic cycle in the experimental catchment had to be significant external phenomenon, most likely explosion of the Mount Pinatubo volcano in Philippines on June 15, 1991.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1247. Proper names and their role in social ontology

Creator:
Nagy, Marek
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
baptism, deontic power, onomastics, proper names, social ontology, křest, deontická moc, onomastika, vlastní jména, and sociální ontologie
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The article deals with an applicability of John Searle’s theory of social ontology to linguistic category of proper names. We suggest that in the context of Searle’s theory we can consider proper names to be a kind of social institution. By several examples from anthropolinguistic research and from the field of theoretical onomastics we try to show that proper names meet conditions specified by John Searle, in particular that - through different communities all over the world - they are ''holders'' of various types of deontic power. At the end of our article we shortly weigh the possibility that proper names can be regard as status indicators (in terms of Searle’s theory) too., Článek pojednává o aplikovatelnosti teorie sociální ontologie Johna Searle na jazykovou kategorii vlastních jmen. Navrhujeme, že v kontextu Searlovy teorie můžeme považovat vlastní jména za druh sociální instituce. Několik příkladů z antropolingvistického výzkumu az oblasti teoretické onomastiky se snažíme ukázat, že vlastní jména splňují podmínky stanovené Johnem Searlem, zejména, že - prostřednictvím různých komunit po celém světě - jsou ,,držiteli'' různých typů deontické moci . V závěru našeho článku stručně zvažujeme možnost, že vlastní jména mohou být považována za stavové indikátory (z hlediska Searlovy teorie)., and Marek Nagy
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1248. Prospects for experimental philosophical logic

Creator:
Joaquin, Jeremiah Joven
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
applied logic, descriptive models, experimental philosoph-ical logic, normative models, philosophy of logic, prescriptive models, psychology of reasoning, and pure logic
Language:
Slovak
Description:
This paper focuses on two interrelated issues about the prospects for research projects in experimental philosophical logic. The first issue is about the role that logic plays in such projects; the second involves the role that experimental results from the cog-nitive sciences play in them. I argue that some notion of logic plays a crucial role in these research projects, and, in turn, the results of these projects might inform substantive debates in the philosophy of logic.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1249. Psychorheology of food dispersions

Creator:
Štern, Petr, Panovská, Zdeňka, and Pokorný, Jan
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
psychorheology, food dispersions, tomato ketchup, rheology, sensory analysis, psychoreologie, potravinářské disperze, rajčatový kečup, reologie, and senzorická analýza
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Food dispersions are the most frequent and most important food components. Useful information was obtained in the investigations of liquid emulsions. The results obtained in their study were compared with tomato ketchups. They were chosen as an example of food dispersions with low lipid content. A set of 20 samples of tomato ketchups purchased on the native market were analyzed by several rheological procedures (RheoStress 300) and by sensory profiling both of textural and flavour characteristics. The psychorheology was used for the determination of relationships between results of instrumental and sensory measurements. The data base obtained was processed by statistical methods. The temperature affects the results differently, but it is not useful to study temperatures below room temperature. The rheological parameters agree with the Herschel-Bulkley equation. Therefore, the psychorheology was applied as a suitable complex method. About a third of plots between two variables were significantly related. Several statistically significant relationships were obtained between rheological attributes, sensory attributes, and the combinations between rheological and a sensory attributes. Great variance in all characteristics was observed in all samples variables. Similarly as in case of lipid dispersions, the sensory texture acceptability was significantly related with the overall flavour acceptability, similarly as in case of other food dispersions. It proves the importance of texture in consumption of tomato ketchups. and Potravinářské disperze patří mezi nejrozšířenější potravinářské produkty. Potřebné informace k prezentovaným výsledkům předloženého studia byly získány předchozím studiem potravinářských emulzí. Kečupy byly vybrány jako příklad potravinářských disperzí s nízkým obsahem tuku. Bylo hodnoceno celkem 20 vzorků komerčních výrobků tomatových kečupů, zakoupených v české obchodní síti. Reologické charakteristiky byly získány pomocí rotačního reometru RheoStress 300 a texturní vlastnosti pomocí senzorické analýzy. Jako nejvhodnější metoda byla zvolena psychoreologie, která zkoumá funkční vztahy mezi reologickými parametry, stanovenými instrumentální analýzou a senzorickými charakteristikami, stanovenými senzorickou analýzou. Znalost těchto vztahů je důležitá ke kvantitativní charakterizaci tokových a deformačních dějů, probíhajících při senzorické zkoušce. Reologické parametry vyhovují stavové rovnici Herschel-Bulkley. Korelací reologických a senzorických dat byly získány v třetině případů těsné funkční závislosti s vysokými hodnotami korelačních koeficientů. Analýzy prokázaly velké rozdíly mezi jednotlivými vzorky kečupů. Při nižších teplotách by se patrně projevily zřetelněji vlivy optimální textury a získaly se bližší hodnoty mezi vzorky. Stejně jako u dříve hodnocených potravinářských produktů bylo prokázáno, že textura výrazně ovlivňuje chuťové vlastnosti, což zdůrazňuje význam textury při konzumaci rajčatového protlaku.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1250. Putnam’s view on reference change Is different from that of Kripke’s

Creator:
Moreno, Luis Fernández
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
causal theory, change, natural kind term, physical magnitude, and reference
Language:
Slovak
Description:
A usual objection put forward against the causal theory of reference is that it cannot explain the reference changes that terms may undergo. The main aim of this paper is to examine the position on reference change of one of the classic supporters of the causal theory, Hilary Putnam. It is usually claimed that Putnam’s causal theory of reference of natural kind terms is closely related to Kripke’s theory and can be conceived as a development of the same. The motivation of this paper is to allege that there is at least one important difference between both theories, consisting of their explanation of reference changes or at least in the way in which those theories make reference changes possible. After dealing with the problem of reference change within the framework of Kripke’s theory and reconstructing Kripke’s proposal to account for it, we will allege that there are components of Putnam’s theory which make reference changes possible, although they are different from those present in Kripke’s theory., Obvyklá námitka vznesená proti kauzální teorii je, že nemůže vysvětlit změny, které mohou podmínky podléhat. Hlavním cílem této práce je prozkoumat postoj k referenční změně jednoho z klasických stoupenců kauzální teorie Hilary Putnam. To je obvykle prohlašoval, že Putnamova kauzální teorie odkazu přirozených laskavých termínů je blízko příbuzná Kripke teorii a moci být koncipován jako vývoj stejný. Motivací tohoto článku je tvrzení, že existuje alespoň jeden důležitý rozdíl mezi oběma teoriemi, spočívající v jejich vysvětlení referenčních změn nebo přinejmenším ve způsobu, jakým tyto teorie umožňují referenční změny. Poté, co se zabýval problémem změny referencí v rámci Kripkeho teorie a rekonstruoval Kripkeho návrh, aby se o něm zmínil., and Luis Fernández Moreno
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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