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1353. Sap flow in response to rainfall pulses for two shrub species in the semiarid Chinese Loess Plateau

Creator:
Jian, Shengqi, Wu, Zening, Hu, Caihong, and Zhang, Xueli
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
rainfall pulses, sap flow, meteorological factors, loess plateau, Caragana korshinskii, and Hippophae rhamnoides
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Rainfall pulses can significantly drive the evolution of the structure and function of semiarid ecosystems, and understanding the mechanisms that underlie the response of semiarid plants to rainfall is the key to understanding the responses of semi-arid ecosystems to global climatic change. We measured sap flow in the branches and stems of shrubs (Caragana korshinskii Kom. and Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.) using sap flow gauges, and studied the response of sap flow density to rainfall pulses using the ''threshold-delay'' model in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showed that the sap flow began about 1 h earlier, and increased twofold after rainfall, compared to its pre-rainfall value. The sap flow increased significantly with increasing rainfall classes, then gradually decreased. The response of sap flow was different among rainfall, species, position (branch and stem) during the pulse period, and the interactive effects also differed significantly (P < 0.0001). The response pattern followed the threshold-delay model, with lower rainfall thresholds of 5.2, 5.5 mm and 0.7, 0.8 mm of stem and branch for C. korshinskii and H. rhamnoides, demonstrating the importance of small rainfall events for plant growth and survival in semi-arid regions.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1354. Sap flow index as an indicator of water storage use

Creator:
Nadezhdina, Nadezhda, Čermák, Jan, Downey, Alec, Nadezhdin, Valeriy, Perämäki, Martti, David, Jorge Soares, Pinto, Clara A., and David, Teresa Soares
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
diameter fluctuation, heat field deformation, multi-point sensor, symmetrical temperature difference, radial and circumferential variations, sap flow measurement, tree, and transpiration
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Symmetrical temperature difference also known as the sap flow index (SFI) forms the basis of the Heat Field Deformation sap flow measurement and is simultaneously collected whilst measuring the sap flow. SFI can also be measured by any sap flow method applying internal continuous heating through the additional installation of an axial differential thermocouple equidistantly around a heater. In earlier research on apple trees SFI was found to be an informative parameter for tree physiological studies, namely for assessing the contribution of stem water storage to daily transpiration. The studies presented in this work are based on the comparative monitoring of SFI and diameter in stems of different species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea omorika, Pinus sylvestris) and tree sizes. The ability of SFI to follow the patterns of daily stem water storage use was empirically confirmed by our data. Additionally, as the HFD multipointsensors can measure sap flow at several stem sapwood depths, their use allowed to analyze the use of stored water in different xylem layers through SFI records. Radial and circumferential monitoring of SFI on large cork oak trees provided insight into the relative magnitude and timing of the contribution of water stored in different sapwood layers or stem sectors to transpiration.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1355. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil aggregates samples derived from loess

Creator:
Witkowska-Walczak, Barbara and Sławinski, Cezary
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
soil aggregtion, saturated hydraulic conductivity, agregácia pôdy, hydraulická vodivost, and nasýtená oblast pôdy
Language:
Slovak
Description:
The influence of the size soil aggregates derived from loess, expressed by mean weight diameter of aggregates which build soil samples, on the saturated hydraulic conductivity was presented. It has been found that size of aggregates influenced the amount of large pores in soil samples. The relationship between the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the amount of large pores can be described by function: Ks = 0.356. Exp (6.852 PL). and Príspevok obsahuje výsledky výskumu vplyvu velkosti agregátov pôdy, z ktorých sú vytvorené vzorky pôdy, na hydraulickú vodivost vodou nasýtených vzoriek pôdy. Z výsledkov vyplýva, že velkost agregátov pôdy ovplyvnuje množstvo velkých pórov vo vzorkách pôdy. Závislost medzi hodnotami nasýtenej hydraulickej vodivosti pôdy a množstvom velkých pórov - udaným v percentách objemu všetkých pórov - môže byt vyjadrená exponenciálnou funkciou.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1357. Scenarios of the change in the mean annual and monthly runoff in the Hron Basin

Creator:
Danihlík, Robert, Hlavčová, Kamila, Kohnová, Silvia, Parajka, Juraj, and Szolgay, Ján
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
hydrological balance model, climate change scenarios, scenarios of changes in the long-term mean annual and the mean monthly runoff, hydrologický bilančný model, scenáre zmeny klímy, and scenáre zmien dlhodobého priemerného ročného a priemerného mesačného odtoku
Language:
Slovak
Description:
In this paper hydrological scenarios of changes in the long-term mean annual and the mean monthly runoff due to the climate change in the upper part of the Hron River basin were evaluated. The Hron river basin was selected as a representative mountainous basin in Central Slovakia. An empirical raster-based and a conceptual hydrological balance model were used for modelling changes in runoff with an annual and monthly time step. Both models were calibrated using data from a standard period 1951-1980, which is considered to be representative for the distribution of runoff in unchanged conditions. Four different climate change scenarios were used in the study. Two scenarios were downscaled from the outputs of the CCCM and GISS Global Circulation Models (GCMs), the others represent analogies with warmer climatic periods in the past. The runoff change scenarios developed for the upper Hron River basin for future time horizons 2010, 2030 and 2075 show the decrease in the long-term mean annual runoff and changes in the runoff distribution within the year. and V článku sú odvodené scenáre zmien dlhodobých priemerných ročných a priemerných mesačných prietokov, vyjadrujúce možný vplyv zmeny klímy na odtok v budúcnosti na povodí horného Hrona. Na modelovanie dlhodobých priemerných ročných prietokov bol použitý rastrovo-orientovaný empirický model hydrologickej bilancie, na modelovanie priemerných mesačných prietokov bol použitý koncepčný hydrologický bilančný model so sústredenými parametrami. Obidva modely boli kalibrované na údajoch z obdobia 1951-1980, ktoré sme považovali za reprezentatívne obdobie pre nezmenené podmienky hydrologického režimu. Ako scenáre zmeny klímy boli použité scenáre CCCM a GISS, regionalizované z najnovších výstupov globálnych cirkulačných modelov atmosféry, a scenáre SD a WP, vyvinuté v rámci Národného klimatického programu SR na základe analógie s teplými obdobiami v minulosti u nás. Scenáre zmeny odtoku, odvodené pre časové horizonty 2010, 2030 a 2075 ukazujú možný pokles dlhodobých priemerných ročných prietokov, ako aj zmenu priemerných mesačných prietokov na povodí horného Hrona v budúcnosti.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

1359. Searle on analyticity, necessity and proper names

Creator:
Zvolenszky, Zsófia
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
proper names, meaning, reference, definite descriptions, presuppositions, definitivní popisy, význam, předpoklady, and vlastní jména
Language:
Slovak
Description:
My aim is to show that once we appreciate how Searle (1958) fills in the details of his account of proper names - which I will dub the presuppositional view - and how we might supplement it further, we are in for a twofold discovery. First, Searle’s account is crucially unlike the so-called cluster-of-descriptions view, which many philosophers take Searle to have held. Second, the presuppositional view he did hold is interesting, plausible, and worthy of serious reconsideration. The idea that Searle’s account is a largely Fregean interlude between the Fregean description theory of proper names and Kripke’s proposals presented in ''Naming and necessity'' is in major ways a myth, a mythical chapter in how the story of 20th-century philosophy of language is often told., Mým cílem je ukázat, že jakmile oceníme, jak Searle (1958) zaplňuje podrobnosti svého účtu o vlastních jménech - které budu zpochybňovat presuppoziční pohled - a jak bychom jej mohli dále doplňovat, jsme pro dvojí objev. Za prvé, Searleův účet je zásadně na rozdíl od tzv. Shluku popisů, který si mnoho filozofů vezme Searle. Zadruhé, předvídavý pohled, který zastával, je zajímavý, hodnověrný a hodný vážného přehodnocení. Myšlenka, že Searleův účet je z velké části svobodnou překážkou mezi teorií Fregeanova popisu vlastních jmen a Kripkeho návrhů prezentovaných v ,,Pojmenování a nezbytnosti'', je v zásadě mýtem, mýtickou kapitolou o tom, jak je příběh filosofie jazyka 20. století. často., and Zsófia Zvolenszky
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

1360. Searle on emergence

Creator:
Havlík, Vladimír
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
emergence, mind, consciousness, emergent property, system property, vědomí, vznik, vznikající vlastnost, mysl, and systémová vlastnost
Language:
Slovak
Description:
Searle’s conception of ontological emergence is a basis for his explanation of mind and consciousness in the physical world. In this article, I try to show that a closer examination uncovers some possible ambiguities in Searle’s conception of emergence. First, I try to show that Searle’s distinction between emergent1 and emergent2 leads to a distinction between a strong and a weak interpretation of a causal consequence of interactions among constitutive entities and that from this point of view the existence of emergent2 is improbable only in the strong sense. Second, I attempt to clarify Searle’s distinction between explanation and deduction of consciousness in his claim for the non-deducibility of consciousness . At the end I try to show in what sense is Searle’s concept of emergence loaded with a form of mechanicism, one which is being abandoned in more recent ontological conceptions., Searleovo pojetí ontologického vzestupu je základem pro jeho vysvětlení mysli a vědomí ve fyzickém světě. V tomto článku se snažím ukázat, že bližší zkoumání odhaluje některé možné nejasnosti v Searlově pojetí vzniku. Nejprve se snažím ukázat, že Searleův rozdíl mezi vznikajícím1 a vznikajícím2 vede k rozlišení mezi silným a slabým výkladem příčinných důsledků interakcí mezi konstitutivními entitami a že z tohoto hlediska je existence vznikajícího2 nepravděpodobná pouze v silných smyslu. Za druhé, snažím se objasnit Searleovo rozlišení mezi vysvětlení a dedukcívědomí v jeho tvrzení o neodvoditelnosti vědomí. V závěru se snažím ukázat, v jakém smyslu je Searleův koncept vzniku naplněn formou mechanismu, který je opuštěn v novějších ontologických koncepcích., and Vladimír Havlík
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

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