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12962. The Kaliningrad earthquakes of September 21, 2004
- Creator:
- Wiejacz, Paweł
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, seizmicita, seismicity, baltské země, Baltic countries, local seismicity, baltic region, hypocenter location, source mechanism, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The earthquakes of magnitudes ML=5.0 and 5.3 in the Kaliningrad enclave of Russia on September 21, 2004 were unexpected in a very low-seismicity area. The earthquakes caused minor damage in the Kaliningrad enclave, in northern Poland and in southwestern Lithuania, and macroseismic intensities of 6-7 (EMS) close to the epicenters. The earthquakes were felt up to 800 km distance. The events have been located under the central-northern part of the Sambia Penninsula at 16 and 20 km depth. Their source mechanism has been found to be a right lateral strike slip on a direction parallel to the edge of the Fennoscandian Shield and the East European Craton. The possible cause of the earthquakes is discussed. With the glaciotectonic cause unlikely, it seems the earthquakes evidence tectonic patterns, possibly resulting from stress propagating all across Europe from the Mediterranean region. Historical information seems to evidence past seismic activity in the region, which together with the 2004 earthquakes show the need to reassess seismic hazard in the area., Paweł Wiejacz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12963. The labours of the Prague obstetrician Johann Melitsch (1763-1837): contribution to the topic of the professionalising of obstetrics in the 18th century
- Creator:
- Tinková, Daniela and Štefanová, Barbora
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- 18th-century obstetrics, Caesarean section, maternity hospital, Prague, Johann Melitsch (1763-1837), social care, Enlightenment, porodnictví 18. století, císařský řez, porodnice, Praha, sociální a chudinská péče, and osvícenství
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- a1_This study aims to present the physician Johann Melitsch (1763–1837) as a courageous reformer who presented a specific alternative to the étatist model of healthcare reforms implemented by the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th century. As obstetrics was the focus of Melitsch’s reform activities, the paper also contributes to the broader issue of the professionalisation of obstetrics at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 1780s, Joseph II decided to use the assets of the secularised monasteries and hospitals to form a state complex of various health and social care facilities in the capitals of the Habsburg “provinces”. Where conditions and proximity to the university allowed, the first real “clinics”, i.e. hospitals linked to the teaching of medicine (and therefore science), were established: this was the case, for example, in Vienna and Prague. General hospitals formed the core of these complexes; maternity hospitals were also built, primarily for unmarried mothers, to prevent infanticide, but also as a source of female bodies for young medical students, who otherwise generally did not have the opportunity to learn about pregnancy and childbirth. At the same time, a young doctor who had just finished medical school in Prague, the twenty-fouryear- old Johann Melitsch, the son of a cabinet-maker, decided to undertake another project: a Privatentbindungsanstalt, ie. private outpatient maternity clinic. It was designed for married but poor women and also offered the opportunity of midwifery practice to medical students. Thanks to a family inheritance and his wife’s dowry, he was indeed able to found such an institution. And with donations from wealthy patrons from the nobility, he was able to provide small financial rewards or medicines to his patients. His assistants were students. and a2_Melitsch later extended his outpatient care, which was also improved by the “district doctors”, to sick women and children in general and thus offered a counterpart to the “stationary” type of state general hospital. In 1793, he was finally appointed professor at the Prague Faculty of Medicine – but only after the intervention of Emperor Francis I himself, who also granted this institution a “public right”. In 1795 Melitsch drew up a proposal – also probably the first in the Habsburg monarchy – for health insurance for low-income segments of the population. However, this system was never put into practice. In this predominantly Catholic monarchy, where hospitals had hitherto operated mainly on a church or municipal basis and where there was a clear tendency in Melitsch’s time to create a purely state-run health service, this was an exceptional case. The paper is also a contribution to the broader issue of the professionalisation of midwifery at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Besides that, Melitsch is considered to be the first doctor in the Czech lands to perform a successful caesarean section in which both mother and child survived.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12964. The last days of the yoke in Israel: local agriculture finally dispensing with cattle draught
- Creator:
- Avitsur, Shmuel
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- ethnographic research, history of agriculture, agrarian economy, draught cattle, yoke, and Israel
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- a1_Studie známého izraelského badatele o oradlech dotýká se území, která patří k nejstarším kolébkám zemědělství, a proto i zápřahu dobytka. Pravěku zemědělství v Izraeli se také autor věnuje v úvodu studie; z různých údajů vyplývá, že se v dávných dobách Izraele používalo volského zápřahu především k orbě. Dvojité jařmo, které se vyvíjelo po tisíciletí na území Izraele, bylo kohoutkového typu, s dvěma páry příček, opatřenými na dolních koncích provazy. Zvláštností příček je jejich vyhnutí na vnější stranu. Ostatní zařízení je podobné jako u této formy kohoutkového jařma v jiných zemích. Autor líčí pak způsob zapřahání dobytka do jařma, který je také podobný jako jinde. Pro orbu v olivových hájích a na vinicích se již ve starších dobách používalo poněkud kratšího dvojitého jařma. Kromě toho se vyskytovalo zapřahání do zmíněné formy jařma u saní na mlácení obilí. Jařmo bývalo spojeno se zapřaženým nástrojem pomocí ležadla, které na zadním konci se pohyblivě připojovalo k hřídeli orebného nástroje, vpředu se jhem prostřednictvím dřevěného hřebíku a houžve. Podobně jako mnohde jinde se svořeň dával do různých otvorů (byly zpravidla čtyři), a tak se regulovala současně hloubka orby. U saní na mlácení se zapojovalo ležadlo do kruhu uprostřed předku. Tradiční jařmo v Izraeli se vyrábělo obyčejně z měkkého dřeva (pinie, topolu atd.), příčky z tvrdého dřeva, hlavně dubu. and a2_Jařmo pro osly mělo zvláštní podušku, naplněnou slamou, která byla připevněna na šíji zvířete pod jařmem. Navzdory přísným zákazům židovského zákona, praktikoval se společný zápřah vola a osla, poměrně řidší byl společný zápřah vola a velblouda. Během 19. století nastaly v zápřahu na území Izraele změny, a to v souvislosti s kolonizací různého obyvatelstva, především však evropského, z Německa, z Bosny a z Kirgizie, konečně i s imigrací židovského obyvatelstva a rozvojem zemědělského vzdělání. Autor pak popisuje jednotlivé formy jařem, přinesených do Izraele novými usedlíky. Další vliv vykonala stavba komunikací, nové druhy povozů, zavádění nových druhů tažných zvířat, především koně a mula. Tento vývoj probíhal do první světové války, kdy koně a muli byli rekvirováni a dočasně se zase začalo používat k tahu volů. Potom opět probíhal předešlý vývoj, jenž byl podmíněn i důsledky světového trhu a rozvoje zemědělské ekonomiky. Velikou úlohu sehrálo i zavedení železného pluhu již v r. 1883, který byl svým způsobem revolucí v tamním hospodářství. To vše mělo vliv na ústup tažných volů ve prospěch koně a mula, jak je vidět i na připojené tabulce. Zde je zachycen i stav vývoje po druhé světové válce, který přináší veliký rozmach moderní tažné síly, projevující se zejména v počtu traktorů. Tyto převládají v rovinách, zatímco v hornatých částech Izraele se pracuje s mulem. Závěr článku je věnován pak ekonomickým otázkám rozvoje potažní síly v posledním období, který je naprosto jasně spjat s technickými zkušenostmi a tradicemi evropských imigrantů.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12965. The last struggle: The suppression of agrarian parties in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, 1944-1948
- Creator:
- Paraskevov, Vasil
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- agrarianism, communism, Eastern Europe, Sovietization, and totalitarianism
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The paper examines the struggle between three agrarian parties - the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union “Nikola Petkov”, the Hungarian Smallholders Party and the Romanian National Peasant Party - and the local communist parties and Soviet representatives after the Second World War. It identifies the pattern and forms of communist campaign against the opposition agrarian parties and places them in the context of domestic and international developments. The paper discusses how the abolition of agrarian parties contributed to the Sovietization of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12966. The life and work of professor Martin Gavalec (11.11.1942 - 23.3.2021)
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Language:
- English
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12967. The life cycle of Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Nematoda: Cucullanidae)
- Creator:
- Køie, Marianne
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Nematoda, Cucullanidae, Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus, life cycle, flatfish, goby, and Nereis diversicolor
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Mature specimens of the nematode Dichelyne (Cucullanellus) minutus (Rudolphi, 1819) (Ascaridida, Cucullanidae, Seuratoidea) were obtained from the intestine of flounder Platichthys flesus (L.) caught in the Øresund, Denmark. Plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. and common goby Pomatoschistus microps (Kröyer) also harbour this species. The eggs embryonate on the seabottom. Larvae about 440 µm long, and believed to be in their third stage, hatch from the eggs. These larvae are not directly infective to flounders or gobies. The polychaete Nereis diversicolor O.F. Müller acts as obligatory intermediate host. Experimental infections showed that larvae >600 µm long and provided with a chitinous tooth survived in flounder and common goby. The third-stage larvae moult to fourth-stage larvae in the fish gut wall. Mature worms occur in the lumen of the anterior part of the intestine. All developmental stages may be transferred from one flounder to another; thus the flounder may acquire the parasite also by devouring infected gobies.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12968. The life cycle of Haemogregarina bigemina (Adeleina: Haemogregarinidae) in South African hosts
- Creator:
- Davies, Angela J. and Smit, Nico J.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Adeleina, Haemogregarinidae, Haemogregarina bigemina, Gnathia africana, fish parasites, blood parasites, transmission, and life cycle
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran et Mesnil, 1901 was examined in marine fishes and the gnathiid isopod, Gnathia africana Barnard, 1914 in South Africa. Its development in fishes was similar to that described previously for this species. Gnathiids taken from fishes with H. bigemina, and prepared sequentially over 28 days post feeding (d.p.f.), contained stages of syzygy, immature and mature oocysts, sporozoites and merozoites of at least three types. Sporozoites, often five in number, formed from each oocyst from 9 d.p.f. First-generation merozoites appeared in small numbers at 11 d.p.f., arising from small, rounded meronts. Mature, second-generation merozoites appeared in large clusters within gut tissue at 18 d.p.f. They were presumed to arise from fan-shaped meronts, first observed at 11 d.p.f. Third-generation merozoites were the shortest, and resulted from binary fission of meronts, derived from second-generation merozoites. Gnathiids taken from sponges within rock pools contained only gamonts and immature oocysts. It is concluded that the development of H. bigemina in its arthropod host illustrates an affinity with Hemolivia and one species of Hepatozoon. However, the absence of sporokinetes and sporocysts also distances it from these genera, and from Karyolysus. Furthermore, H. bigemina produces fewer sporozoites than Cyrilia and Desseria, although, as in Desseria, Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) and Babesiosoma, post-sporogonic production of merozoites occurs in the invertebrate host. The presence of intraerythrocytic binary fission in its fish host means that H. bigemina is not a Desseria. Overall it most closely resembles Haemogregarina (sensu stricto) in its development, although the match is not exact.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12969. The life cycle of Myxobolus lentisuturalis (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae), from goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus), involves a Raabeia-type actinospore
- Creator:
- Caffara, Monica, Raimondi, Elena, Florio, Daniela, Marcer, Federica, Quaglio, Francesco, and Fioravanti, Maria Letizia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Myxosporea, Myxobolus lentisuturalis, actinospore, Raabeia-type, life cycle, Carassius auratus auratus, Branchiura sowerbyi, and Italy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We studied a natural infection of the oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 with the Raabeia-type actinosporean stage of Myxobolus lentisuturalis Dyková, Fiala et Nie, 2002 which infected goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (L.) in Italy, using molecular analysis of the SSU rRNA gene. The existence of intraoligochaete development shows that this parasite follows the life-cycle pattern described by Wolf and Markiw (1984) for Myxobolus cerebralis. Histological examinations of the goldfish infected by M. lentisuturalis showed at low magnification the presence of two bilateral crescent-shaped masses in the dorsal epaxial muscle. These lesions were not circumscribed, presented irregular edges and infiltrated the underlying bundles of skeletal muscle and interstitial tissue. At higher magnification, disappearance of muscle fibres and substitution of the muscle tissue with Myxobolus spores and plasmodia were observed.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
12970. The life cycle of Paracardicoloides yamagutii Martin, 1974 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae)
- Creator:
- Nolan, Matthew J. and Cribb, Thomas H.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Paracardicoloides yamagutii, Sanguinicolidae, Anguilla reinhardtii, Anguillidae, Posticobia brazieri, Hydrobiidae, and ITS2 rDNA
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The sanguinicolids Paracardicoloides yamagutii Martin, 1974 and Plethorchis acanthus Martin, 1975 were obtained from their definitive hosts, Anguilla reinhardtii Steindachner and Mugil cephalus Linnaeus (respectively) in the tributaries of the Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. Two putative sanguinicolid cercariae were collected from a hydrobiid gastropod, Posticobia brazieri Smith, in the same waters. The two cercariae differ markedly in size and the form of their sporocysts. Both putative cercariae develop in the digestive gland of Po. brazieri. The ITS2 rDNA region from these sanguinicolids and a Clinostomum species (utilised as an outgroup due to the close morphological similarities between the cercarial stages of the Clinostomidae and the Sanguinicolidae) were sequenced and aligned. Comparison of the ITS2 sequences showed one cercaria to be that of P. yamagutii. This is the first sanguinicolid life history determined by a molecular method. P. yamagutii is the fourth sanguinicolid known to utilise a freshwater hydrobiid gastropod as its intermediate host. ITS2 rDNA is effective in distinguishing sanguinicolids at the species level.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public