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13032. The problem of intention and the evaluative properties of effects in the Knobe effect
- Creator:
- Waleszczyński, Andrzej, Obidziński, Michał, and Rejewska, Julia
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- side-effect effect, Knobe effect, intention, intentionality, and evaluative properties
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In the article, we present analyses and findings which add precision to the role of intentions and the relation between effects in attributing the intentionality of causing a side effect. Our research supplements and modifies numerous findings regarding the appearance of the so-called Knobe effect. The experiments and analyses show that the very originality of the story used by Knobe and the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and the side effect results in an asymmetry of responses and contributes to the occurrence of the side-effect effect. Because of this, we reject the thesis that the mode of attitude of the agent to the caused side effect or that the social expectation of this attitude determine the attribution of the intentionality of the caused effect. On the contrary, we defend the thesis that it is the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and those of the side effect, as well as the impact of a side effect on the main effect, that significantly influence the attribution of intentionality in causing a side effect.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13033. The professional language of Polish journalists in a diachronic perspective
- Creator:
- Jarosz, Beata
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- sociolinguistics, professional variants, Polish language, and professiolect of journalists
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- The paper attempts to define the development of professional language that constitutes an instrument of communication for Polish journalists. This problem has not been a subject of linguistic analyses to date and thus there are no comprehensive studies of the vocabulary associated with the emergence of periodicals or with work in radio and television crews, which makes establishing the origins and stages of the development of this variant of Polish a highly difficult task. Therefore, the paper preliminarily discusses the development of this professiolect, based on the characterisation of the evolution of the journalistic profession and with reference to the technological changes that influenced the way of preparing materials in the Polish context. The author distinguishes four phases of the evolution of this sublanguage: (1) the protoprofessiolectal period (17th–18th century), (2) the establishment of a professional code (19th century – early 20th century), (3) the period of unstable development (early 20th century – 1980s/1990s) and (4) of dynamic evolution (since the 1980s/1990s). and W artykule podjęto próbę określenia etapów rozwoju języka zawodowego będącego narzędziem komunikacji polskich dziennikarzy. Problem ten nie był do tej pory przedmiotem lingwistycznych analiz i nie istnieją kompleksowe opracowania na temat specyficznej leksyki związanej z tworzeniem czasopism czy pracą w zespołach radiowo-telewizyjnych, dlatego ustalenie genezy i faz ewolucji tej odmiany polszczyzny jest zadaniem bardzo trudnym. W związku z tym na podstawie charakterystyki rozwoju zawodu dziennikarza i w odniesieniu do przemian technologicznych, jakie miały wpływ na sposób opracowywania materiałów, w artykule wstępnie omówiono proces kształtowania się na polskim grunc ie wspomnianego języka zawodowego. Autorka wyróżnia cztery fazy ewolucji tego subjęzyka: (1) faza protoprofesjolektalna (XVII–XVIII w.), (2) ukonstytuowanie się języka zawodowego (XIX w. – początek XX w.), (3) okres niestabilnego rozwoju (początek XX w. – lata 80. XX w.) oraz (4) intensywnej ewolucji (od lata 80/90).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13034. The protective influence of selenium on oxidant disturbances in brain of rats exposed to lithium
- Creator:
- Kiełczykowska, M., Kocot, J., Lewandowska, A., Żelazowska, R., and Musik, I.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, selen, lithium, oxidační stres, mozek, selenium, oxidative stress, brain, rats, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- For more than sixty years lith ium carbonate has been used in medicine. However, during its administration different side effects including oxidative stress can occur. Selenium belongs to essential elements possessing antioxidant properties. This study aimed at evaluating if selenium co uld be used as a protective adjuvant in lithium therapy. The experiment was performed on four groups of Wistar rats: I (control), II (Li), III (Se), IV (Li + Se) treated with saline, lithium carbonate (2.7 mg Li/kg b.w.), sodium selenite (0.5 mg Se/kg b.w.) and lithium carbonate (2.7 mg Li/kg b.w.) + sodium selenite (0.5 mg Se/kg b.w.), respectively. All substances were administered as water solutions by stomach tube for 3 or 6 weeks. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GP x) as well as malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were determined in brain homogenates. Lithium slightly enhanced MDA and depressed CAT and SOD after 6 weeks as well as GPx after 3 weeks. Selenium co -administration show ed tendency to restore the disturbed parameters. Selenium alone and given with lithium significantly increased GPx vs. Li- treated group after 3 weeks. Having regarded the outcomes of this study, the research on application of selenium during lithium treatment seems to be worth continuation., M. Kiełczykowska, J. Kocot, A. Lewandowska, R. Żelazowska, I. Musik., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13035. The PsbH protein of photosystem 2
- Creator:
- Komenda, J., Štys, D., and Lupínková, L.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- chloroplast, cyanobacterium, D1 protein, phosphorylation, and photosynthesis
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- The PsbH protein belongs to a group of small protein subunits of the photosystem 2 (PS2) complex and genes encoding PsbH homologues have been so far found in all studied oxygenic phototrophs. This single helix membrane protein is important for the proper function of the PS2 acceptor side and for stable assembly of PS2. Its hypothetical function as an analogue of the H subunit of the bacterial reaction centre as well as a putative role of its phosphorylation is evaluated. and J. Komenda, D. Štys, L. Lupínková.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13036. The PsbQ′ protein affects the redox potential of the QA in photosystem II
- Creator:
- Yamada, M., Nagao, R., Iwai, M., Arai, Y., Makita, A., Ohta, H., and Tomo, T.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- evoluce (biologie), fotosyntéza, evolution (biology), photosynthesis, diversity, photoinhibition, 2, and 581
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Red alga contains four extrinsic proteins in photosystem II (PSII), which are PsbO, PsbV, PsbU, and PsbQ′. Except for the PsbQ′, the composition is the same in cyanobacterial PSII. Reconstitution analysis of cyanobacterial PSII has shown that oxygen-evolving activity does not depend on the presence of PsbQ′. Recently, the structure of red algal PSII was elucidated. However, the role of PsbQ′ remains unknown. In this study, the function of the acceptor side of PSII was analyzed in PsbQ′-reconstituted PSII by redox titration of QA and thermoluminescence. The redox potential of QA was positively shifted when PsbQ′ was attached to the PSII. The positive shift of QA is thought to cause a decrease in the amount of triplet chlorophyll in PSII. On the basis of these results, we propose that PsbQ′ has a photoprotective function when irradiated with strong light., M. Yamada, R. Nagao, M. Iwai, Y. Arai, A. Makita, H. Ohta, T. Tomo., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13037. The quality of meteorological observations and tropospheric delay from EPN/IGS permanent stations located in the Sudety Mountains and in the adjacent areas
- Creator:
- Rohm, Witold and Bosy, Jarosław
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, meteorologie, meteorology, Krkonošsko-jesenická soustava (pohoří), Sudety mountains, GPS for meteorology, tropospheric delay, GNSS permanent stations, precise GPS positioning, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The mountain type of climate, which is typical for the Sudety Mountains, is well known for its rapid and frequent changes in pressure, temperature and humidity. The fluctuations in meteorological parameters cause fast changes of the tropospheric delay, as a correlated value, and in consequence difficulties in GPS heights determination. The tropospheric delay is a function of the meteorological parameters obtained directly from synoptic stations and models. The paper presents the procedure of tropospheric delay estimation on the European Permanent Network and International GNSS Service (EPN/IGS) stations, using meteorological observations from synoptic stations (Wrocław Airport, Śnieżka) of the Polish Meteorology Service (IMGW), stations (Cervena, Praha-Kbely) of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMU), and sensors mounted close to the antennas of the permanent GNSS stations (BISK, SNEC, WROC, GOPE). The values obtained from Global Pressure and Temperature (GPT) model were bases for the meteorological data calibration at EPN/IGS stations. The tropospheric delay (Zenith Total Delay - ZTD) on EPN/IGS stations was obtained from Saastamoinen formula and compared with ZTD from EPN solutions., Witold Rohm and Jarosław Bosy., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13038. The realization of strong, stray static magnetic fields
- Creator:
- Žežulka, Václav and Pavel Straka
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Geologie. Meteorologie. Klimatologie, magnetické obvody, magnetic circuits, static magnetic fields, permanent NdFeB magnets, 7, and 551
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The article introduces the results achieved in the creation of feasible assemblies of NdFeB magnets assembled following an already published design of a practical arrangement of magnets derived from an ideal magnetization pattern, leading to the strongest possible stray field at a remote point. It presents a method of the implementation of these assembled sets and the relevant measured dependences of magnetic induction By = f(y) and By = f(x) including their comparison with already published dependences determined by a simulation. It further presents similar dependences of magnetic induction found in the case of a trial magnetic circuit with large blocks from NdFeB magnets, and these dependences are compared both with the mentioned computer-determined dependences and the dependences measured with the corresponding implemented assembly of magnets., Václav Žežulka and Pavel Straka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13039. The Reception on the Oeuvre of Composers Active at the Court of Rudolf II in Prague in the Contemporaneous Musical Repertoire of Historical Upper Hungary
- Creator:
- Marta Hulková
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- II. Habsburský, římskoněmecký císař, Rudolf, 1552-1612, 1576-1611, muzikologie, musicology, dějiny hudby, history of music, hudební skladatelé, composers, archivní fondy, archives, hudební rukopisy, music manuscripts, Slovensko, Slovakia, 78.01, 78(091), 78.071.1, 930.253, 091:78, and (046)
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Studie Marty Hulkové se zabývá rozšířením repertoáru hudební skladatelů na pražském dvoře císaře Rudolfa II. v historickém prostoru Horních Uher v době jeho vlády., Marta Hulková., Rubrika: Studie, and Slovenské resumé na s. 157, anglický abstrakt na s. 133.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
13040. The reduced S-1 and S-2 oxidation states of the O2-evolving complex of photosystem II: An EPR microwave power saturation study
- Creator:
- Koulougliotis, D.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- oxygen-evolving complex, photosystem II, power saturation, and reduced S-states
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Progressive microwave power saturation (P1/2) measurements have been performed on the tyrosine D radical (YD*) of photosystem II (PSII) in order to examine its relaxation enhancement by the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) poised to the reduced S-1 and S-2 oxidation states by NO treatment. Analysis of the power saturation curves showed that the S-1 oxidation state of the OEC does not enhance the relaxation of YD*: it therefore possesses a diamagnetic ground state. In contrast, the Mn(II)-Mn(III) multiline electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal characteristic of the S-2 oxidation state of the OEC was shown to provide a relaxation enhancement pathway for YD*, however less efficient relative to the one provided by the S2-state multiline EPR signal. We also examined the YD * relaxation enhancement characteristics of the EPR-silent oxidation state produced after brief (1-5 min) dark incubation at 0°C of a PSII sample poised to the EPRactive S-2 state. This EPR-silent oxidation state denoted as "0°C incubation" state was shown to possess remarkably similar P1/2 values with the EPR-active S-2 state in the overall examined temperature range (6-20 K). In addition, these values remained unchanged after successive cycles of the OEC between the EPR-active S-2 state and the "0°C incubation" state. The data presented in this work point to the conclusion that the "0°C incubation" state is indeed an S-2 oxidation state with half-integer spin.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public