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30722. Transformation of science communication in the age of social media
- Creator:
- Kulczycki, Emanuel
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- teorie vědy, theory of science, komunikace vědy, sociální média, blog, Twitter, otevřená věda, science communication, social media, Open science, 12, and 00
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Článek se zabývá některými důsledky otevřené vědy z perspektivy komunikace vědy a filosofie komunikace. Kromě čistě komunikačních a filosofických témat se text věnuje i otázkám tykajícím se procesu popularizace vědy prostřednictvím sociálních médií (zejména Twitteru a blogů). Článek se sestává ze tří oddílů: první navrhuje definici komunikace vědy a sociálních médií; druhý zkoumá proměnu komunikace vědy v éře internetu a zabývá se vlivem sociálních médií na komunikaci vědy; třetí a závěrečný oddíl přináší několik případových studií a filosofických postřehů. Nejdůležitějším, zde dosaženým závěrem je tvrzení, že sociální media vědu a vědeckou komunikaci proměnila. Twitter a blogy jakožto nové nástroje vědecké komunikace mohou být užitečné a smysluplné pro vědu i společnost. Sociální média mohou být navíc použita k usnadnění širšího zapojení občanů do diskusí o vědě., The aim of the present article is to discuss several consequences of the Open Science from a perspective of science communication and philosophy of communication. Apart from the purely communicative and philosophical issues, the paper deals with the questions that concern the science popularization process through social media (especially Twitter and blogs). The article consists of three sections: the first one suggests a definition of science communication and social media, the second examines the transformation of science in the Age of the Internet and considers the influence of social media on science communication, the third and final one presents some case studies and philosophical observations. The most important conclusion to be reached here is that the social media have changed science and science communication. Twitter and blogs as novelty tools of science communication can be useful and meaningful for both science and society. Furthermore, social media can be used to facilitate broader involvement of citizens in the discussion about science., and Emanuel Kulczycki.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
30723. Transformations $z(t)=L(t)y(\varphi(t))$ of ordinary differential equations
- Creator:
- Tryhuk, Václav
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- ordinary differential equations, linear differential equations, transformations, and functional equations
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The paper describes the general form of an ordinary differential equation of an order $n+1$ $(n\ge 1)$ which allows a nontrivial global transformation consisting of the change of the independent variable and of a nonvanishing factor. A result given by J. Aczél is generalized. A functional equation of the form \[ f\biggl (s, w_{00}v_0, \ldots , \sum _{j=0}^n w_{n j}v_j\biggr )=\sum _{j=0}^n w_{n+1 j}v_j + w_{n+1 n+1}f(x,v, v_1, \ldots , v_n), \] where $w_{n+1 0}=h(s, x, x_1, u, u_1, \ldots , u_n)$, $ w_{n+1 1}=g(s, x, x_1, \ldots , x_n, u, u_1, \ldots , u_n)$ and $w_{i j}=a_{i j}(x_1, \ldots , x_{i-j+1}, u, u_1, \ldots , u_{i-j})$ for the given functions $a_{i j}$ is solved on $\mathbb R$, $ u\ne 0.$.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
30724. Transformations to symmetry based on the probability weighted characteristic function
- Creator:
- Meintanis, Simos G. and Stupfler, Gilles
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- characteristic function, empirical characteristic function, probability weighted moments, and symmetry transformation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- We suggest a nonparametric version of the probability weighted empirical characteristic function (PWECF) introduced by Meintanis {et al.} \cite{meiswaall2014} and use this PWECF in order to estimate the parameters of arbitrary transformations to symmetry. The almost sure consistency of the resulting estimators is shown. Finite-sample results for i.i.d. data are presented and are subsequently extended to the regression setting. A real data illustration is also included.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
30725. Transforming hydrographs in the hillslope subsurface
- Creator:
- Šanda, Martin and Císlerová, Milena
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- experimental catchment, hydrological monitoring, subsurface trench, preferential flow, soil moisture, dystric cambisol, crystalline granite bedrock, experimentální povodí, hydrologické monitorování, podpovrchový příkop, preferenční proudění, půdní vlhkost, dystrická kambizem, and krystalické žulové podloží
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- To reveal and evaluate the mechanism of transforming rainfall into runoff in the region, where the subsurface flow plays a dominant role in the runoff formation, a continuous hydrological and climatic data monitoring has been set-up in the experimental catchment Uhlířská (the Jizera Mountains, CR). The soil profile (Dystric Cambisol), formed on the weathered granite bedrock, is shallow and highly heterogeneous. Beside a standard catchment data observation a hillslope transect was instrumented to control the flow dynamics in the soil profile. From three soil horizons, the subsurface outflow is recorded in the subsurface trench. Adjacent to the trench the soil water suction is scanned by triplets of automatic tensiometers. Within the soil profile the unsaturated regime prevails, nevertheless the soil keeps almost saturated. Nearly simultaneous reaction of suction on a rainfall in all soil horizons implies a rapid vertical flow. Local preferential flow paths are conducting infiltrating water at significantly variable rates when saturation is reached. Groundwater table, soil moisture and subsurface runoff measured at the hillslope transect and the total outflow from the catchment, are correlated. The outflow from the catchment is dominantly controlled by soil moisture however the mechanism of its generation is not yet fully understood. and V oblasti s dominantním podpovrchovým odtokem bylo započato s kontinuálním hydrologickým a klimatickým monitoringem s cílem popsat a vyhodnotit transformaci srážky na odtok. Experimentální povodí Uhlířská se nachází v severní části České republiky v Jizerských horách. Půdní profil, klasifikovaný jako dystrická kambizem na zvětralém žulovém podloží, je mělký a velmi heterogenní. Svahový transekt byl vystrojen pro sledování dynamiky podpovrchového odtoku. Ve třech půdních horizontech je monitorován odtok a půdní sací tlak. V půdním profilu převládá nenasycený stav, ačkoliv je půdní vlhkost dlouhodobě blízko nasycení. Rychlé vertikální proudění je indikováno téměř současnou odezvou půdního sacího tlaku na srážku ve všech půdních horizontech. Po dosažení nasycení infiltrující voda protéká preferenčními cestami s výrazně odlišnými lokálními rychlostmi. Závislost hladiny podzemní vody, půdní vlhkosti, podpovrchového odtoku ve svahovém transektu na odtoku z povodí je významná. Odtok vody z povodí, které leží na zvětralém žulovém podloží, je dominantně určován půdní vlhkostí. Přes tato zjištění není mechanismus tvorby odtoku zatím jednoznačně popsatelný.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
30726. Transgenic expression of CD36 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is associated with amelioration of metabolic disturbances but has no effect on hypertension
- Creator:
- Michal Pravenec, Vladimír Landa, Václav Zídek, Musilová, M., Ludmila Kazdová, Qi, N., Wang, J., Lezin, E. St., and Kurzt, T. W.
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, mastné kyseliny, krevní tlak, inzulinová rezistence, fatty acids, blood pressure, insulin resistance, SHR, transgenic animal, Cd36, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/NIH strain) harbor a deletion variant in the Cd36 fatty acid transporter and display defective fatty acid metabolism, insulin resistance and hypertension. Transgenic rescue of Cd36 in SHR ameliorates insulin resistance and improves dyslipidemia. However, the role of Cd36 in blood pressure regulation remains controversial due to inconsistent blood pressure effects that were observed with transgenic expression of Cd36 on the SHR background. In the current studies, we developed two new SHR transgenic lines, which express wild type Cd36 under the control of the universal Ef-1 promoter, and examined the effects of transgenic expression of wild type Cd36 on selected metabolic and cardiovascular phenotypes. Transgenic expression of Cd36 in the new lines was associated with significantly decreased serum fatty acids, amelioration of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance but failed to induce any consistent changes in blood pressure as measured by radiotelemetry. The current findings confirm the genetic association of defective Cd36 with disordered insulin action and fatty acid metabolism in the SHR/NIH strain and suggest that Cd36 is linked to other gene(s) on rat chromosome 4 that regulate blood pressure., M. Pravenec, V. Landa, V. Zídek, A. Musilová, L. Kazdová, N. Qi, J. Wang, E. St.Lezin, T. W. Kurtz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
30727. Transgenic reporter mice with promoter region of murine LRAT specifically marks lens and meiosis spermatocytes
- Creator:
- Dana Průková, Ileninova, Z., Antosova, B., Petr Kašpárek, Gregor, M., and Radislav Sedláček
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, oči, physiology, eyes, LRAT, transgenic mouse, retinol, testis, spermatocyte, sertoli cell, lens, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is the major enzyme responsible for retinol esterification in the mammalian body. LRAT exhibits specific activity in the cells with active retinol metabolism where it converts retinols into retinyl esters, which represents the major storage form of retinol. Besides hepatic stellate cells in the liver, LRAT appears to have a key physiologic role in several other tissues. In this study, we generated a transgenic reporter mouse expressing green fluorescence protein (EGFP) under the control of region containing -1166 bps from promoter upstream from the putative transcriptional start site and 262 bps downstream of this start. Transgenic reporter mice exhibited specific expression in eyes and testes. In eyes, expression of EGFP-reporter is found in lens and lens epithelium and fibers from embryo to adulthood. In testes, LRAT-EGFP reporter is expressed both in Sertoli and in spermatocytes marking initiation of spermatogenesis in prepubertal mice. Our data show that the examined LRAT regulatory region is sufficient to achieve strong and selective expression in the eye and testes but not in liver and other organs., D. Prukova, Z. Ileninova, B. Antosova, P. Kasparek, M. Gregor, R. Sedlacek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
30728. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing chloroplastic monodehydroascorbate reductase are resistant to salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress
- Creator:
- Li, F., Wu, Q. Y., Duan, M., Dong, X. C., Li, B., and Meng, Q. W.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- botanika, botany, ascorbate, monodehydroascorbate reductase, osmotic stresses, reactive oxygen species, tomato, 2, and 58
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- RNA gel hybridization showed that the expression of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) in the wild type (WT) tomato was decreased firstly and then increased under salt- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress, and the maximum level was observed after treatment for 12 h. WT, sense transgenic and antisense transgenic tomato plants were used to analyze the antioxidative ability to cope with osmotic stresses. After salt stress, the fresh mass (FM) and height of sense transgenic lines were greater than those of antisense lines and WT plants. Under salt and PEG treatments, sense transgenic plants showed a lower level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a higher net photosynthetic rate (PN), and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) compared with WT and antisense transgenic plants. Moreover, sense lines maintained higher ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity than WT and antisense plants under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress. These results indicate that chloroplastic MDHAR plays an important role in alleviating photoinhibition of PSII by elevating ascorbate (AsA) level under salt- and PEG-induced osmotic stress., F. Li ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
30729. Transient calculations in elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contacts
- Creator:
- Ficza, Ildikó, Šperka, Petr, and Hartl, Martin
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- elastohydrodynamic lubrication, surface roughness, fluid rheology, and multigrid method
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The aim of the paper is to present transient calculations of an elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) point contact. The paper focuses on the description of the numerical algorithm used to model non-smooth contacts with surface feature on one of the contacting bodies. Results of film thickness and pressure distributions of a selected surface feaure are presented. Simulations were performed and compared for two different rheology approaches (Newtonian, resp. non-Newtonian). and Obsahuje seznam literatury
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
30730. Transient increase in cellular dehydrogenase activity after cadmium treatment precedes enhanced production of reactive oxygen species in human proximal tubular kidney cells
- Creator:
- Handl, J. , Čapek, J., Majtnerová, P. , Petira, F. , Hauschke, M. , Roušarová, E., and Roušar , T.
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- cadmium toxicity, kidney injury, dehydrogenase activity, oxidative stress, and ROS production
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Cadmium is a heavy metal causing toxicity especially in kidney cells. The toxicity is linked also with enhanced oxidative stress leading to cell death. On the other hand, our recent experiments have shown that an increase of total intracellular dehydrogenases activity can also occur in kidney cells before declining until cell death. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate this transient enhancement in cell viability after cadmium treatment. The human kidney HK-2 cell line was treated with CdCl2 at concentrations 0-200 µM for 2-24 h and intracellular dehydrogenase activity was tested. In addition, we measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and C-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. We found that significantly increased dehydrogenase activity could occur in cells treated with 25, 100, and 200 µM CdCl2. Moreover, the results showed an increase in ROS production linked with JNK activation following the enhancement of dehydrogenase activity. Other tests detected no relationship with the increased in intracellular dehydrogenase activity. Hence, the transient increase in dehydrogenase activity in HK-2 cells preceded the enhancement of ROS production and our finding provides new evidence in cadmium kidney toxicity.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public