The term optical ''constant'' is used to describe any of the quantities (and often functional dependencies) that characterize the optical behavior of the substance. Knowledge of optical constants is a prerequisite for computing the optical properties of a given substance and describing the propagation of electromagnetic radiation by the fabric medium. Although there are advanced methods for characterizing optical properties of substances such as optical microscopy or spectroscopic ellipsometry, many of them can be derived without the need to compile complex numerical models based on the basic optics and spectral analyzes. and Pod pojmem optická ''konstanta'' rozumíme v běžném použití jakoukoli z veličin a funkčních závislostí charakterizujících optické vlastnosti látky. Znalost optických konstant je hlavním předpokladem k vypočtu spektrálních charakteristik dané látky a popisu šíření elektromagnetického záření látkovým prostředím. Ačkoli v dnešní době existují pokročilé metody charakterizace optických látek, jako například optická mikroskopie či spektroskopická elipsometrie, lze spoustu z nich odvodit bez nutnosti sestavování složitých numerických modelů pouze ze základních zákonitostí optiky a spektrální analýzy.
Combined sewerage systems are containing also stormwater overflow structures. Except of the overflow chambers also stormwater tanks are applied. They are divided in tanks with and without overflow weirs. The purpose of stormwater tanks with overflow possibility is to catch the first part of the runoff wave, containing the flush of the surface pollution and of the sediments in sewers. The retained water with significantly reduced discharge is then conducted to the wastewater treatment plant. Because of this function of the stormwater tanks a substantially larger part of overflowed waters from the total stormwater runoff is permitted to discharge into receiving waters in comparison with the overflow chambers. For the overflow chambers is the limit of 20 - 30%; for the stormwater tanks is the permissible limit up to 50%. and Stokové siete jednotnej sústavy obsahujú aj objekty na odľahčovanie dažďových vôd. Okrem odľahčovacích komôr sa používajú aj dažďové nádrže. Delíme ich na nádrže s priepadom, teda s možnosťou odľahčovania (prietočné a záchytné) a bez odľahčenia (retenčné). Účelom dažďových nádrží s priepadom je zadržať prvú časť odtokovej vlny pred začatím odľahčovania, pretože táto časť je najviac znečistená splachom nečistôt z povrchu povodia a vyplavením usadenín zo stokovej siete. Zadržaná voda z dažďovej nádrže je potom odvádzaná silne zredukovaným prietokom do čistiarne odpadových vôd. Tým, že dažďové nádrže plnia túto funkciu, pripúšťa sa pre ne podstatne väčší podiel odľahčovaných dažďových vôd z ich celkového odtoku, než pre odľahčovacie komory. Zatiaľ čo pri odľahčovacích komorách sa počíta s odľahčovaním 20 až 30%, pri dažďových nádržiach je maximum prípustného podielu odľahčovania až 50%.
Zatímco vlastni svrchní zemské kůry je možné přímo sledovat pomocí geologické průzkumu, její hlubší části a celý zemský plášť jsou zatím pro přímé pozorování nedosažitelné a mnoho informací o jejich složení a struktuře je odvozováno z refrakčních, reflexních a tomografických seismických měření. Pro interpretaci litologie, mineralogie a struktury hlubších částí Země ze seismických dat je vhodné použít údaje získané laboratorním studiem hornin tektonicky vyzdvižených z hlubších částí litosféry během starších horotvorných pochodů. Tyto horniny se v současnosti nacházejí na zemském povrchu, a tudíž jsou dosažitelné pro laboratorní výzkum jejich petrofyzikálních vlastností., Petr Špaček, Stanislav Ulrich, Lenka Baratoux, Matěj Machek., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The paper deals with a calculation of discharge flowing above an entirely submerged bridge deck. Authors submit an analysis of the solution based on a weir equation and own results too. The results are issuing form laboratory experiments carried out in a hydraulic laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of CTU in Prague. and Článek se zabývá problematikou výpočtu průtoku vody nad přelévanou konstrukcí mostovky. Autoři předkládají rozbor výpočtu tohoto průtoku založeného na aplikaci rovnice přepadu a prezentují výsledky vycházející z vlastního fyzikálního výzkumu uskutečněného ve vodohospodářské laboratoři Fakulty stavební ČVUT v Praze.
The paper gives a brief overview of computational methods used in the Institute of Scientific Instruments of AS CR for the design of electron optical devices. The possibilities of the software are then illustrated on the computations of correctors of spherical aberration for transmission and scanning electron microscopes.
a1_The comparative method in investigating folk literature has so far concentrated mainly on the study of types and motifs and has also attained its greatest successes in this field. On the other hand comparative research into style and poetics has lagged behind, being confined to isolated attempts and having reached only partial conclusions. However a complex knowledge of the international connections, national differences and regional peculiarities requires that research should be directed to these questions as well, so as to amplify the research done hitherto on the literary material by opening up new aspects and providing new information. As a contribution to such a conception the author has carried out a comparison of the narrative style of the Czech and the Russian ballad. He takes as his main starting point the parallels in material in Czech and Russian folk ballads, in what we designate as Czech and Russian ballad poetry of identical matter. Analogical situations of plot, conflicts and characters allow us to compare the way in which they are presented in the Czech and in the Russian ballad, and to clarify their similar or different narrative approach.
Analysis shows that there are fairly considerable slylistic differences between the Czech and the Russian ballad. While the Czech ballad tends to give a bare account of the action and suggests the background of events and the participating characters by simple means, the Russian ballad describes scenes and figures much more circumstantially, piles up concrete details, frequently gives the exact place of the event and names of characters. In the same way dramatic speech often has a
descriptive or lyric function in the Russian ballad, developing at times into extensive monologues; on the other hand in the Czech
ballad, the dialogues and monologues have mainly the function of
dramatic factors and the short exchanges of the characters heighten the suspense of the action., a2_Contrary to the Czech ballad, the Russian ballad stresses lyric
elements much more strongly. These lyric devices are very frequent
and varied (e.g. the ballad opening with lyric description of nature or
with an apostrophe to nature, descriptions of the emotional state of
the main characters, the frequent use of diminutives). Some ballads are entirely composed as lyrical monologues of the main
character; this approach is quite foreign to the Czech ballad, which
presents the action of the ballad without the subjective intervention of the narrator, as an event seen from without.
The narrative method of the Russian ballad also tends towards
considerable ornamentation of style: it delights in frequent repetition of words, lines and even whole passages, which emphasizes the descriplive nature of its style and retards the course of the action; dialogues and monologues are regularly presented by introductory senlences; the individual characters address each other extensively in conversalion; the introductory passages of the ballads are often of an expansive character and use fixed formulae,which pass from one ballad to another; constant epithets frequently appear as fixed pattems (čisté pole, kalená střela, jasný sokol, dobrý kůň, etc.); refrains often occur, which contribute to the decorative style and slow down the course of the action.The Czech ballad, too, makes use of all these means, but more sparsely; its language remains simple and laconic, while in comparison the diction of the Russian ballad has a strongly decorative and formalized aspect., and a3_In many of its resources (descriptiveness, slylistic decorativeness and stabilization) the Russian ballad agrees with other kinds of Russian folk compositions - the bylina (legend), the historical lyric song and the fairy-tale - in which similar slylistic approaches occur and which also tend towards amplitude and richness of ornament.
The conclusions as to the narrative style of the Czech ballad are valid for the ballads of all the Western Slavs - for that of the Lusatian Serbs, the Poles, the Slovaks and also for the ballad of the Western area of the Ukraine. The author compares certain Czech ballads with German parallels using similar material and draws attention to the similarity of narrative method in the Western Slav and German ballad. A comparalive analysis of the style of the Czech and the Russian ballad thus leads to the conclusion that the Czech ballad (along with the Western Slavonic ballad in general) belongs to the Central European ballad sphere; this means that an account of the Czech ballad and of the whole of Czech folk composition cannot be given oniy within the framework of Slav folk literature, but must also be studied in the conlext of the traditions of the other Central and Western European non-Slavonic nations, especially in the context of the German and Hungarian traditions.