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31445. Vitalistic approaches to life in Early Modern England

Creator:
Szántó, Veronika
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
teorie vědy, theory of science, Anne Conway, Francis Glisson, Henry More, Margaret Cavendish, cambridgeský platonismus, biologie, vědecká revoluce, vitalismus, Cambridge Platonism, biology, scientific revolution, vitalism, 12, and 00
Language:
Czech
Description:
V dějinách idejí se vitalismu dostalo různých definic a různé postavy byly označeny za vitalisty. Když se soustředíme na 17. století, zjistíme, že badatelé identifikovali jako vitalisty autory, kteří zastávají názory, jež jsou v diametrálním protikladu. Stručně představím názory dualistických vitalistů (Henry More, Ralph Cudworth a Nehemiah Grew) a monistických vitalistů (Francis Glisson, Margaret Cavendishová, Anne Conwayová), a filosofické a teologické uvažování, které formovalo jejich myšelní. Ve  všech těchto různých podobách vitalismu se nacházejí identifikovatelné společné motivy: bytostná neredukovatelnost života (považovaná za vlastnost buď nehmotného ducha nebo samotného hmoty) a univerzalita života (sahající daleko za "organickou" oblast přírody až "anorganické")., Vitalism has been given different definitions and diverse figures have been labelled as vitalists throughout the history of ideas. Concentrating on the seventeenth century, we find that scholars identify as vitalists authors who endorse notions that are in diametrical opposition with each other. I  briefly present the ideas of dualist vitalists (Henry More, Ralph Cudworth and Nehemiah Grew) and monist vitalists (Francis Glisson, Margaret Cavendish and Anne Conway) and the philosophical and theological considerations informing their thought. In all these varied forms of vitalism the identifiable common motives are the essential irreducibility of life (regarded as a property of either an immaterial spirit or matter itself) and the universality of life (extending well beyond the “organic” realm of nature, incorporating the “inorganic”)., and Veronika Szántó.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31446. Vitamín D a imunita

Creator:
Petr Šíma and Bohumil Turek
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, text, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Biologické vědy, vitamin D, vitaminy, imunita (lékařství), buněčná imunita, autoimunitní nemoci, nádory, vitamins, immunity, cellular immunity, autoimmune diseases, tumors, antiinfekční imunita, humorální imunita, nesdělná onemocnění, non-communicable diseases, 2, and 57/59
Language:
Czech
Description:
Druhé pokračování o významu vitaminu D pro zdraví člověka (první bylo publikováno v Živě 4/2015) se zabývá jeho úlohou, kterou hraje v imunitě. Donedávna se nepředpokládalo, že by vitamin D mohl podmiňovat také imunitní procesy. Během posledních let se však nashromáždil dostatečný počet experimentálních i klinických studií, které dokládají, že při jeho nedostatečném příjmu dochází k poklesu zejména antiinfekční imunity, a souběžně s tím stoupá také riziko vzniku nesdělných onemocnění. Účelem tohoto sdělení není vyčerpávající informace o mechanismech jeho působen na imunitní systém, ale upozornění pro specialisty i laiky na tuto důležitou, ale prozatím opomíjenou problematiku., This is a further continuation of an 8/2015 article about the importance of vitamin D to the health of human beings (the first was published in Živa 4/2015). The article deals with the role that the vitamin plays in immunity. Until recently, it was not assumed that vitamin D could also be conditional upon immune processes and that it determines the correct function of both natural and adaptive immunity. In recent years, however, a sufficient number of experimental and clinical studies have accumulated, providing evidence that insufficient intake of vitamin D could not only induce decreased immunity to infection but also contribute substantially to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this communication is not exhaustive information on the mechanisms of vitamin D effects on the immune system, but as an alert to specialists and laymen on hitherto neglected issues., and Petr Šíma, Bohumil Turek.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

31447. Vitamin D and thyroid diseases

Creator:
Karel Vondra, Luboslav Stárka, and Richard Hampl
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, vitamin D, nemoci štítné žlázy, autoimunita, rakovina štítné žlázy, thyroid diseases, autoimmunity, thyroid cancer, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
In this review we summarize recent opinions on the possible role of vitamin D in the risk of thyroid diseases development. It may be concluded from the available data that vitamin D deficiency, particularly levels below 12.5 ng/ml should be considered as an additional, but important risk factor for development of thyroid autoimmunity, both chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves´ disease. A higher risk of Graves´ disease development is also associated with several polymorphisms in the gene encoding for vitamin D binding protein and for the specific receptor of active form of vitamin D - 1,25-(OH)2D3 in the respective target cells. Important for development of thyroid cancer appeared polymorphisms of genes encoding for vitamin D receptors and of genes encoding for the participating hydroxylating enzymes in thyroid tissue, leading to a diminished local 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation capacity with following alteration of antiproliferatory, antiapoptotic and prodifferentiating efficacy of the latter. Whether supplementation with high doses of vitamin D or its analogues possesses preventive or therapeutic effect is an object of intensive studies., K. Vondra, L. Stárka, R. Hampl., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31448. Vitamin D in anxiety and affective disorders

Creator:
Marie Bičíková, Michaela Dušková, Vítků, J., Božena Kalvachová, Daniela Řípová, Pavel Mohr, and Luboslav Stárka
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, deprese, úzkost, parathormon, depression, anxiety, parathormone, calcidiol, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
Reduced levels of vitamin or its metabolites have been reported in various psychiatric disorders. Insufficient levels of vitamin D in depressive patients have been confirmed by many authors, but there have been conflicting results in subjects with anxiety disorders. In the present cross-sectional study, levels of calcidiol were determined in groups of depressive men and women and in men and women with anxiety disorders and compared with age matched controls. Significantly lower levels of calcidiol were found in men and women with depression as well as in age matched patients with anxiety disorders., M. Bičíková, M. Dušková, J. Vítků, B. Kalvachová, D. Řípová, P. Mohr, L. Stárka., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31449. Vitamin D in autistic children and healthy controls

Creator:
Bičíková, M. , Máčová, L., Ostatníková, D., and Hanzlíková, L.
Format:
bez média and svazek
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
Vitamin D, Children, Calcidiol, Calcitriol, and Autism
Language:
English
Description:
Insufficient levels of vitamin D have been demonstrated by many authors as a risk factor for autistic patients, however, the causality has not been reliably elucidated. In the present study, levels of calcidiol were determined in group of autistic children and compared with age matched healthy children as controls. Suboptimal levels of calcidiol in more than 60 % of both autistic patients as well as of control group were found. No significant differences in vitamin D between autistic children and healthy controls were observed.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

31450. Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover: FokI Genotype is Related to Postmenopausal Bone Mass

Creator:
Kateřina Zajíčková, Ivana Žofková, Radvan Bahbouh, and Anna Křepelová
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, studie, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie člověka, human physiology, Vitamin D receptor gene, FokI polymorphism, Bone mineral density, Bone remodeling, Postmenopausal women, 14, and 612
Language:
English
Description:
The relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) intragenic polymorphisms FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI and bone mineral density (BMD) or biochemical markers of bone remodeling were investigated in 114 Czech postmenopausal women, on the average 62.5±8.9 years of age. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the VDR gene were assessed by PCR amplification and digestion with restriction enzymes FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI recognizing polymorphic sites in the VDR locus. Bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and at the hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, g/cm2). After adjusting for age and the body mass index (BMI), subjects with the ff genotype had 9.4 % lower BMD at the hip than those with the Ff genotype (p=0.0459, Tukey´s test). FF individuals had an intermediate BMD at the hip. A similar pattern of lower lumbar spine BMD was also found in ff individuals, but it did not reach statistical significance. There was no relationship between BsmI, ApaI and TaqI VDR polymorphisms and BMD at any skeletal site. Subjects with Aa (ApaI) genotypes had higher levels of propeptide of type I collagen (PICP) than homozygous AA (p=0.0459, Tukey´s test). In FokI, BsmI and TaqI restriction sites the biochemical markers of bone remodeling did not differ by genotype. In addition, no significant difference was observed in VDR genotypic distribution between osteoporotic women and non-osteoporotic controls in the study group. To conclude, the FokI genotype of the vitamin D receptor gene is related to bone mass at the hip in Czech postmenopausal women, whereas the importance of remaining VDR genotypes was not evident., K. Zajíčková, I. Žofková, R. Bahbouh, A. Křepelová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

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