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2592. Teorie vědy: časopis pro mezioborová zkoumání vědy
- Type:
- model:periodicalitem and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech, English, German, and Slovak
- Description:
- 2
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2593. Testovateľnosť a význam observačných a teoretických termínov
- Creator:
- Bielik, Lukáš
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Carnap, meaning, testability, observation terms and theoretical terms, and semantic theories
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Carnap’s analysis of the language of science had presupposed too close a connection between the semantics and testability. The core problem of the logical empiricist tradition was to show how to provide the interpretation of theoretical terms and hence the explanation of their application to observable entities by means of observation terms. It is argued that the utilization of a much more expressive semantic theory which identifies meanings with hyperintensional entities leads to a clarification of the competencies of semantics and methodology. It is claimed that the observability or unobservability of term’s referents does not determine the meaning of the term. Carnap’s reduction sentences are therefore conceived only as methodological devices for the determination of unobservables via the theory-presupposed observable aspects., Carnapova analýza jazyka vědy předpokládala příliš úzkou souvislost mezi sémantikou a testovatelností. Hlavním problémem logické empirické tradice bylo ukázat, jak poskytnout výklad teoretických pojmů a tím i vysvětlení jejich aplikace na pozorovatelné entity pomocí pozorovacích termínů. Tvrdí se, že využití mnohem výraznější sémantické teorie, která identifikuje význam s hyperintenzionálními entitami, vede k objasnění kompetencí sémantiky a metodiky. To je prohlašoval, že pozorovatelnost nebo unobservability of referents termínu nemá určovat význam termínu. Carnapovy redukční věty jsou proto koncipovány pouze jako metodologická zařízení pro určování nepozorovatelných aspektů prostřednictvím pozorovatelných aspektů předpokládaných teorií., and Lukáš Bielik
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2594. Těžké kovy a arsen v plaveninách v profilu Labe-Děčín
- Creator:
- Nesměrák, Ivan
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- total suspended solids, heavy metals, contamination, distribution coefficient, adsorb isotherm, plaveniny, těžké kovy, kontaminace, rozdělovací součinitel, and adsorpční izoterma
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Following the Article 16 (7) of the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy Commission shall submit proposals for environmental objectives applicable to the concentrations of the priority substances in surface water, sediments or biota. In the absence of agreement at Community level up to the deadline given by the directive Member States shall establish environmental objectives themselves. Within the framework of legislative preparation to this situation we have evaluated the relationships between particular parameters of surface water and total suspended solids contamination with heavy metals and with arsenic as one group of priority substances. Neither valid Decree No 82/1999 Coll. nor the amendment include such environmental objectives at present. and Podle čl. 16 (7) Směrnice 2000/60/ES Evropského parlamentu a Rady ustavující rámec pro činnost Společenství v oblasti vodní politiky má Komise předložit Evropskému parlamentu a Radě návrhy environmentálních standardů pro koncentrace prioritních látek v povrchových vodách, sedimentech a v biotě. V případě absence úmluvy na úrovni Společenství do termínu daného směrnicí musejí členské státy stanovit tyto environmentální standardy samy. V rámci legislativní přípravy na takovou eventualitu jsme proto hodnotili vztahy mezi jednotlivými parametry kontaminace vody a plavenin těžkými kovy a arsenem jako jednou skupinou prioritních látek. Platné Nař. vl. ČR č. 82/1999 Sb. ani připravovaná novela zatím environmentální standardy pro sedimenty (a tedy ani plaveniny) a biotu nezahrnují.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2595. The (un)holy grail of epistemology
- Creator:
- Zięba, Paweł
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- accessibilism, Brain-in-a-Vat, epistemic justification, epistemological disjunctivism, internalism-externalism distinction, mentalism, the body-mind problem, and the new Evil Demon
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- As formulated by Duncan Pritchard and John McDowell, epistemological disjunctivism is the claim that perceptual experience can provide the subject with epistemic justification that is reflectively accessible and externally grounded at the same time. Pritchard calls this thesis ‘the holy grail of epistemology’, since it reconciles two traditionally rival theories of justification, namely epistemic internalism and epistemic externalism. The main objection against epistemological disjunctivism thus understood is that it does not do justice to the well-known internalist intuitions expressed in The New Evil Demon and Brain-in-a-Vat scenarios. I defend epistemological disjunctivism from this objection by indicating that those who apply to such scenarios commit themselves to implausible views in the philosophy of mind. I conclude that epistemological disjunctivism accurately expresses the epistemological attitude of a non-reductive materialist regarding the body-mind problem., Jak formuloval Duncan Pritchard a John McDowell, epistemologický disjunktivismus je tvrzením, že vnímaná zkušenost může poskytnout subjektu epistemické ospravedlnění, které je zároveň reflexně přístupné a zároveň uzemněné. Pritchard tuto práci nazývá „svatým grálem epistemologie“, protože sbližuje dvě tradičně soupeřící teorie ospravedlnění, konkrétně epistemický internalizmus a epistemický externismus. Hlavní námitka proti takto pochopenému epistemologickému disjunktivismu je taková, že nečiní spravedlnost pro známé internacionalistické intuice vyjádřené ve scénářích New Evil Demon a Brain-in-a-Vat. Z této námitky hájím epistemologický disjunktivismus tím, že naznačuji, že ti, kteří se na takové scénáře vztahují, se zavázali k nepravděpodobným názorům ve filozofii mysli., and Paweł Zięba
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2596. The bootstrapping objection
- Creator:
- Piller, Christian
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Bratman, Broome, intention, reasons, and reasoning
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- If our mental attitudes were reasons, we could bootstrap anything into rationality simply by acquiring these mental attitudes. This, it has been argued, shows that mental attitudes cannot be reasons. In this paper, I focus on John Broome’s development of the bootstrapping objection. I distinguish various versions of this objection and I argue that the bootstrapping objection to mind-based accounts of reasons fails in all its versions., Kdyby naše duševní postoje byly důvody, mohli bychom se dostat do racionality jednoduše tím, že bychom získali tyto mentální postoje. To, jak bylo argumentováno, ukazuje, že duševní postoje nemohou být důvody. V tomto příspěvku se zaměřuji na vývoj námitek bootstrappingu Johna Broomeho. Rozlišuji různé verze této námitky a argumentuji tím, že námitka bootstrappingu proti účtům založeným na myslích selhává ve všech jejích verzích., and Christian Piller
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2597. The canopy rainfall interception in actual and potential distribution of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest
- Creator:
- Xu, Zhonglin, Feng, Zhaodong, Zhao, Chuanyan, Zheng, Jianghua, Yang, Jianjun, Tian, Fengxia, Peng, Huanhua, Wang, Chao, Peng, Shouzhang, and Sher, Hassan
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Qinghai spruce, actual interception, potential interception, potential distribution, and ecohydrology
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Interception is one of the most underestimated processes in hydrological cycle in arid and semiarid regions. In Qilian Mountains of northwestern arid and semiarid China, the Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest plays an important role in the hydrological cycle of the inland Heihe River basin. The historical disturbance of Qinghai spruce forest has resulted in various ecological problems. In order to realize the sustainable development of Heihe River basin, the Chinese government implemented restoration practices for Qinghai spruce in the past three decades. In this study, we estimated the rainfall interception in the actual and potential distribution of Qinghai spruce forest. Some of the important findings include: (1) The interception ratio of rainfall events ranged from 11-51% with a mean value of 27.02%; (2) Totally, 147 Mt of rainfall is intercepted by canopy of actual Qinghai spruce forest, in the projected potential distribution of the forest, totally 407 Mt of rainfall will be intercepted.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2598. The combined use of wavelet transform and black box models in reservoir inflow modeling
- Creator:
- Okkan, Umut and Serbes, Zafer Ali
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- hybrid model, discrete wavelet transform, Mallows’ Cp method, multiple linear regression, feed forward neural networks, least squares support vector machines, and reservoir inflow modeling
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In the study presented, different hybrid model approaches are proposed for reservoir inflow modeling from the meteorological data (monthly precipitation, one-month-ahead precipitation and monthly mean temperature data) by the combined use of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and different black box techniques. Multiple linear regression (MLR), feed forward neural networks (FFNN) and least square support vector machines (LSSVM) were considered as the black box methods. In the modeling strategy, meteorological input data were decomposed into wavelet sub-time series at three resolution levels and ineffective sub-time series were eliminated by Mallows’ Cp based all possible regression method. As a result of all possible regression analyses, 2-months mode of time series of monthly temperature (D1_Tt), 8-months mode of time series (D3_Tt) of monthly temperature and approximation mode of time series (A3_Tt) of monthly temperature were eliminated. Remained effective sub-time series were used as the inputs of MLR, FFNN and LSSVM. When the performances of the training and testing periods were compared, it was observed that the DWTFFNN conjunction model has better results in terms of mean square errors (MSE) and determination coefficients (R2 ) statistics. The discrete wavelet transform approach also increased the accuracy of multiple linear regression and least squares support vector machines.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
2599. The content of the body representations that guide everyday action
- Creator:
- Murillo Lara, Luis Alejandro
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- action, body representations, Merleau-Ponty, and non-conceptual mental content
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- In this paper, I argue that activities as crossing the road, riding a bike or going through a door involve body representations with non-conceptual mental content. Firstly, I discuss some key objections to the notion of body representations for action, in order to draw out their main consequences. Then I introduce an approach to the content of body representations involved in the guidance of everyday action, which seems to satisfy crucial demands in exchange for moving away from conceptual views on mental content. I conclude by discussing a potential objection to that proposal and presenting some thoughts on the relationship between conceptual and non-conceptual content in this field.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
2600. The contrast between dogmatic and critical arguments
- Creator:
- Frederick, Danny
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- critical argument, critical thinking, David Miller, dogmatic argument, fallibilism, falsification, inference to the best explanation, justification, Karl Popper, persuasion, and problem-solving
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Karl Popper lamented the prevalence of dogmatic argument in philosophy and commended the kind of critical argument that is found in the sciences. David Miller criticises the uncritical nature of so-called critical thinking because of its attachment to dogmatic arguments. I expound and clarify Popper’s distinction between critical and dogmatic arguments and the background to it. I criticise some errors in Miller’s discussion. I reaffirm the need for philosophers to eschew dogmatic arguments in favour of critical ones., Karl Popper naříkal nad převahou dogmatického argumentu ve filozofii a pochválil druh kritického argumentu, který se nachází ve vědách. David Miller kritizuje nekritickou povahu takzvaného kritického myšlení z důvodu jeho vazby na dogmatické argumenty. Vysvětluji a objasňuji Popperův rozdíl mezi kritickými a dogmatickými argumenty a pozadím. Kritizuji některé chyby v Millerově diskusi. Znovu potvrzuji, že je třeba, aby se filozofové vyhýbali dogmatickým argumentům ve prospěch kritických argumentů., and Danny Frederick
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public