Nakládání s lesy se v minulosti řídilo skoro výhradně ekonomickými a sociálními potřebami a poměry. Ty se často dosti měnily jak v průběhu času, tak regionálně. Leccos však fungovalo shodně napříč Evropou. Ve střední Evropě, která zahrnuje prostor od Rýna po východní Karpaty a kontinent severně od Alp, byly způsoby využívání lesa v zásadě všude shodné. Tento článek si klade za cíl stručně přiblížit základní tradiční formy lesního hospodaření ve středoevropském regionu. Představíme důsledky tohoto hospodaření pro les jako ekosystém a prostředí pro život organismů. and In Central Europe, forests were managed using traditional methods until the arrival of modern forestry and later near-natural forestry. Detailed information on forest management is available from the Middle Ages onwards. The two main types of traditional forestry management were coppicing and wood-pasture. They were well-established systems with constant yields of wood and other uses.
Tradiční formy lesního hospodaření měly jiný ekologický dopad než současné metody. Nížinné lesy byly celkově světlejší a živinami chudší, odlišné bylo rozložení světelných fází a hlavních živin v půdě. Původ světlých středoevropských lesů zůstává zatím nedořešenou otázkou, existují aspoň čtyři možná vysvětlení. O to zřetelněji se však jeví potřeba obnovy tradičních forem managementu kvůli ochraně biodiverzity. and Traditional forms of forest management had different ecological impacts than current methods. Lowland woodlands were generally lighter and nutrient poorer, the distribution of light phases and the allocation of major soil nutrients were different. The origins of open forests in Central Europe remain an open question as to which of the at least four explanations apply. The need for the restoration of traditional management forms to conserve biodiversity is all the more evident these days.
Globalization is a process. It is sweeping away old cultural norms and social orders and is bringing death to traditional beliefs and customs. This is a process of change, and many aspects of culture are changed forever. It is possible for this kind of transition to happen in many different ways and in many situations "the clash of civilizations" does not necessarily result in conflict. Cultural norms are voluntarily exchanged between various groups, but the differences in social standards are too difficult to accept, one culture begins to change the other. In such cases, one important question emerges . "Who has the right to decide which cultural norms and traditions are better?" This is a question about "cultural borders" and the universality of human rights and social norms. In this discussion, the issue of ritual slavery finds a place. Triokosi, and similar practices that can be found in some West African countries, are clear examples of the traditional bastions in the "war" against globalization. Those are the practices cosidered as being harmful by international society bud defended by traditional believers. The exploration of ritual bondage from both modern and historical perspectives is he main purpose of this article;; it also aims to shed some light on the discussion about the legitimization or suppression of cultural norms that are considered as being harmful.