The purpose of the paper is to present existing and discuss modified optimization models and solution techniques which are suitable for engineering decision-making problems containing random elements with emphasis on two decision stages. The developed aproach is called two-stage stochastic programming and the paper links motivation, applicability, theoretical remarks, transformations, input data generation techniques, and selected decomposition algorithms for generalized class of engineering problems. The considered techniques have been found applicable by the experience of the authors in various areas of engineering problems. They have been applied to engineering design problems involving constraints based on differential equations to achieve reliable solutions. They have served for technological process control e.g. in melting, casting, and sustainable energy production. They have been used for industrial production technologies involving related logistics, as e.g. fixed interval scheduling under uncertainty. The paper originally introduces several recent improvements in the linked parts and it focuses on the unified two-stage stochastic programming approach to engineering problems in general. It utilizes authentic experience and ideas obtained in certain application areas and advises their fruitful utilization for other cases. The paper follows the paper published in 2000 which deals with the applicability of static stochastic programs to engineering design problems. Therefore, it refers to the basic concepts and notation introduced there and reviews only the principal ideas in the beginning. Then. it focuses on motivation of recourse concepts and two decision stages from engineering point of view. The principal models are introduced and selected theoretical features are reviewed. They are also accompanied by the discussion about difficulties caused by real-world cases. Scenario-based approach is detailed as the important one for the solution of engineering problems, discussion in data input generation is added together with model transformation remarks. Robust algorithms suitable for engineering problems involving nonlinearities and integer variable are selected and scenario-based decomposition is preferred. An original experience with using heuristics is shared. Several postprocessing remarks are added at the end of the paper, which is followed by an extensive literature review. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Type populations of four fossil species of voles belonging to the genus Mimomys are redescribed. Mimomys ostramosensis is a large-sized, hypsodont Mimomys with enamel islet, Mimomys-ridge and relatively abundant cement. Mimomys tornensis, a medium-sized vole, is characterized by lack of typical Mimomys-ridge and islet present only in M3/, with very abundant cement accumulation. Mimomys pitymyoides, a medium-sized Mimomys, with broadly confluent triangles, is distinguished by the presence of islets and Mimomys-ridge in most specimens relatively low tracts and differentiation of enamel thickness not so distinct as in other Mimomys species. Mimomys pusillus is a small-sized vole with islet present only in younger wear stages, relatively frequent Mimomys-ridge and relatively low tracts.
Under normal conditions, electrons are accelerated by electric fields and decelerated by collision processes. After some time, a stable equilibrium between these two processes is achieved and electrons drift with constant speed against the field direction. Such a scheme is called the ohmic regime. At higher speeds or electric fields, the situation may be completely different. Collisions may not be able to compensate for electron acceleration and electrons attain the so called runaway mode. Runaway electrons are detected in the Earth’s magnetosphere during storms, in the solar plasma, and also in laboratory plasmas and in many plasma technologies., Petr Kulhánek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Výzkum fyziky ubíhajících elektronů se v posledních letech stal jednou z prioritních oblastí výzkumu na tokamacích. V rámci konsorcia EUROfusion, které koordinuje výzkum termojaderné fúze v Evropě, byl náš tým na tokamatu COMPASS v Ústavu fyziky plazmatu AV ČR, v. v. i., před šesti lety vyzván k zařazení studia ubíhajících elektronů do experimentálního programu. Tento článek shrnuje fyzikální motivaci k uvedenému výzkumu, dosažené znalosti a také hlavní výsledky, kterými v tomto směru náš tým přispívá k jistějšímu zvládnutí termojaderného provozu prvních fúzních reaktorů, včetně zařízení ITER., Research in the physics of runaway electrons has become one of the most important fields in current tokamak science. In the framework of the EUROfusion consortium, which coordinates thermonuclear fusion research in Europe, the Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS was invited, from 2014, to introduce a runaway electron study into the experimental programme of the COMPASS tokamak. This article summarises the motivation for runaway electron research, the achieved knowledge, and also the main results of our team, which may contribute to yet safer thermonuclear operation of the first fusion reactors, including the ITER facility., Jan Mlynář, Jakub Čaloud, Ondřej Ficker, Eva Macúšová, Jaroslav Čeřovský., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Díky pokrokům v experimentální manipulaci s mikroskopickými systémy zažíváme v dnešní době žeň nových objevů ve výzkumu tepelných motorů. Získané výsledky ukazují, jak konstruovat tepelné motory pracující při maximální dovolené termodynamické účinnosti dané účinností Carnotova cyklu a dodávající nenulový a stabilní výkon, což je ve standardních učebnicích termodynamiky považováno za nemožné., The recent advent of novel micro-manipulation techniques has harvested many new results in the field of heat engines. It is now possible to construct heat engines operating at the maximum allowable thermodynamic efficiency determined by the Carnot efficiency and delivering non-zero stable output power, something which is considered impossible in standard thermodynamics textbooks., Viktor Holubec, Artem Ryabov., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This is the first release of the UFAL Parallel Corpus of North Levantine, compiled by the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics (ÚFAL) at Charles University within the Welcome project (https://welcome-h2020.eu/). The corpus consists of 120,600 multiparallel sentences in English, French, German, Greek, Spanish, and Standard Arabic selected from the OpenSubtitles2018 corpus [1] and manually translated into the North Levantine Arabic language. The corpus was created for the purpose of training machine translation for North Levantine and the other languages.
The corpus contains recordings by the native speakers of the North Levantine Arabic (apc) acquired during 2020, 2021, and 2023 in Prague, Paris, Kabardia, and St. Petersburg. Altogether, there were 13 speakers (9 male and 4 female, aged 1x 15-20, 7x 20-30, 4x 30-40, and 1x 40-50).
The recordings contain both monologues and dialogues on the topics of everyday life (health, education, family life, sports, culture) as well as information on both host countries (living abroad) and country of origin (Syria traditions, education system, etc.). Both types are spontaneous, the participants were given only the general subject and talked on the topic or discussed it freely. The transcription and translation team consisted of students of Arabic at Charles University, with an additional quality check provided by the native speakers of the dialect.
The textual data is split between the (parallel) transcriptions (.apc) and translations (.eng), with one segment per line. The additional .yaml file provides mapping to the corresponding audio file (with the duration and offset in the "%S.%03d" format, i.e., seconds and milliseconds) and a unique speaker ID.
The audio data is shared in the 48kHz .wav format, with dialogues and monologues in separate folders. All of the recordings are mono, with a single channel. For dialogues, there is a separate file for each speaker, e.g., "Tar_13052022_Czechia-01.wav" and "Tar_13052022_Czechia-02.wav".
The data provided in this repository corresponds to the validation split of the dialectal Arabic to English shared task hosted at the 21st edition of the International Conference on Spoken Language Translation, i.e., IWSLT 2024.
The corpus contains recordings by the native speakers of the North Levantine Arabic (apc) acquired during 2020, 2021, and 2023 in Prague, Paris, Kabardia, and St. Petersburg. Altogether, there were 13 speakers (9 male and 4 female, aged 1x 15-20, 7x 20-30, 4x 30-40, and 1x 40-50).
The recordings contain both monologues and dialogues on the topics of everyday life (health, education, family life, sports, culture) as well as information on both host countries (living abroad) and country of origin (Syria traditions, education system, etc.). Both types are spontaneous, the participants were given only the general subject and talked on the topic or discussed it freely. The transcription and translation team consisted of students of Arabic at Charles University, with an additional quality check provided by the native speakers of the dialect.
The textual data is split between the (parallel) transcriptions (.apc) and translations (.eng), with one segment per line. The additional .yaml file provides mapping to the corresponding audio file (with the duration and offset in the "%S.%03d" format, i.e., seconds and milliseconds) and a unique speaker ID.
The audio data is shared in the 48kHz .wav format, with dialogues and monologues in separate folders. All of the recordings are mono, with a single channel. For dialogues, there is a separate file for each speaker, e.g., "16072022_Family-01.wav" and "16072022_Family-02.wav".
The data provided in this repository corresponds to the test split of the dialectal Arabic to English shared task hosted at the 21st edition of the International Conference on Spoken Language Translation, i.e., IWSLT 2024.
Recently, more and more efforts are directed towards developing new imaging and drug-delivery options based on various nanoparticles, exploiting their unique properties. Here, ultra-small gold nanoparticles functionalized with widely used polyethylene glycol and its amine-terminated form were tested in respect of their potential interactions with human immune cells (cell line and primary cells). The results showed that differently terminated ultrasmall gold nanoparticles represent an interesting theranostic platform as they are harmless to immune cells (not inducing cytotoxicity and severe immune response) and on the other hand, they can serve as imaging and/or drug delivery agents using e.g. monocytes/ macrophages as “Trojan horses” to deliver these nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier and diagnose or treat pathologies of the central nervous system.
Ultrakrátké světelné pulzy, tedy pulzy pikosekundové nebo kratší časové délky, jsou velmi významné ve vědě i ve stále větším počtu aplikací. Uvádíme základní vlastnosti světelných pulzů, způsob jejich generace lasery se synchronizací módů a připomínáme některé oblasti jejich použití., Ultra-short light pulses, with pulses of a picosecond or shorter duration, are very important in science as well as in a growing number of applications. We review the basic properties of these light pulses and techniques for their generation by modelocked lasers. We also describe some of their application areas., Petr Malý., and Obsahuje seznam literatury