Thermal requirements for flight in butterflies is determined by a combination of external factors, behaviour and physical constraints. Thorax temperature of 152 butterflies was monitored with an infra-red thermometer in controlled laboratory conditions. The temperature at take-off varied from 13.4°C, for a female Heteronympha merope to 46.3°C, for a female Junonia villida. Heteronympha merope, an understorey species, had the lowest recorded take-off temperatures, with females flying at a much lower thorax temperatures than males. Among the tested butterfly species, warming-up rate was positively correlated with take-off temperature and negatively with body mass. Wing loading is a major variable in determining the thorax flight temperature. Butterflies with the highest wing-loadings experienced the highest thorax temperatures at take-off. A notable exception to this rule is Trapezites symmomus, the only Hesperiidae of our data set, which had thorax flight temperatures of 31.5°C and 34.5°C, well within the range of the observed butterflies, despite a wing load ca. five times higher. The high thorax temperature recorded in J. villida is probably linked to its high flight speed. The results highlight the importance of physical constraints such as body size on the thermal requirements for flight across a range of butterfly species., Gabriel Nève, Casey Hall., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Paper deals with derivation of mathematical relationships of dry friction force versus relative velocity in friction contact of two bodies. It is focused on such main types of dry friction characteristics, which frequently occur in dynamic mechanical systems. New models of modified Coulomb friction law and spring - friction elements are determined. For easy application in computing programs used in technical practice and based on linear equations, the equivalent linear stiffness and damping expressions are formulated and analysed in detail. and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Present study investigated the effect of red wine polyphenolic compounds (ProvinolsTM) on blood pressure (BP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and vascular function in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats exposed to chronic social stress produced by crowding. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: control (480 cm2/rat), ProvinolsTM-treated (20 mg/kg/day, 480 cm2/rat), crowded (200 cm2/rat) and crowded treated with Provinols
TM (20 mg/kg/day, 200 cm2/rat) for 8 weeks. No differences in BP were observed among the groups at the end of experiment, however, reduced BP was observed in ProvinolsTM-treated rats after 3 weeks of treatment. NOS activity in the aorta was significantly elevated in crowded rats, while ProvinolsTM alone had no effect on nitric oxide (NO) production. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation of the femoral artery was significantly improved in stressed and ProvinolsTM-treated rats vs. control, without significant changes in their noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction. Interestingly, ProvinolsTM blunted the elevation of NO production and vasorelaxation during crowding. Increased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and NO synthesis in crowded rats may represent the adaptation mechanisms, resulting in unaltered blood pressure in stress-exposed normotensive rats. This study further demonstrated that elevated release of NO during chronic stress may be prevented by ProvinolsTM. Thus, Provino TM might maintain equilibrium between endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor and vasodilator factors in stress.
The purpose of this study was to determine the role of lipotoxicity in vascular smooth muscle (VSM). C1-BODIPY 500/510 C12 used to assess the ability of VSM A7r5 cells to transport long-chain fatty acids showed that lipid transport did not appear to limit metabolism. Thin layer chromatography revealed that storage of transported fatty acid occurred primarily as mono- and diglycerides and fatty acids but not as triglycerides. We used lipid-induced apoptosis as a measure of lipotoxicity and found that 1.5 mM palmitate (6.8:1) bound to albumin resulted in a 15-fold increase in the number of apoptotic cells compared to the control at 24 hours. This apoptosis did not seem to be due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) since VSM cells incubated in palmitate showed less ROS production than cells incubated in albumin only. Similar exposure to oleate did not significantly increase the number of apoptotic cells compared to the control. Oleate actually significantly attenuated the apoptosis induced by palmitate, suggesting that unsaturated fatty acids have a protective effect on cells undergoing palmitate-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that vascular smooth muscle is vulnerable to lipotoxicity and that this lipotoxicity may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis., H. M. Mattern, C. D. Hardin., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
The effect of long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthase on the relaxation and contraction ability of the thoracic aorta, carotid and pulmonary arteries was studied in the early postnatal period. Starting from the fifth day after birth, puppies were administered NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) for 6 weeks. After this period, mean blood pressure increased from the control value of 94±14 mm Hg to 168±5 mm Hg (P<0.01) and the heart/body weight ratio from 6.22±0.25 to 8.23±0.45 (PcO.Ol). In control arterial rings precontracted by phenylephrine (10“5 mol/1), acetylcholine caused dose-dependent relaxations; the maximal values were reached in the range of 10 "8 to 10"* mol/1. In arteries from L-NAME treated puppies, acetylcholine also induced dose-dependent relaxations, the maximum values in the thoracic aorta (81.0±2.9 %) and carotid artery (87.2±6.9 %) were significantly reduced, not, however, in the pulmonary artery (76.4±7.8 %). Dose-response curves to acetylcholine in all the examined arteries from L-NAME-treated animals were shifted to the right indicating a decrease in sensitivity to acetylcholine. Neurogenic contractions, induced by electrical stimulation of adrenergic nerves, were not significantly altered in the thoracic aorta and carotid artery. However, in the pulmonary artery the contractions were greater at high frequency of stimulation. The findings that (i) submaximal doses of L-NAME attenuate acetylcholine-induced relaxation only slightly, and (ii) that it does not appreciably influence adrenergic contractions justify the hypothesis that the endothelium of vessels in newborn dogs is very probably endowed with a high content of nitric oxide synthase.
The effects of transient and sustained hyperthyroidism on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) levels were studied in the heart atria of developing and adult rats. Newborn rats were divided into 5 groups. Neo-T animals were treated with thyroxine (T4) during postnatal days 1-8 and sacrificed at the age of 60 days. Neo-S rats were treated with T4 during postnatal days 1-60 and sacrificed one day later. Adult-1 and Adult-2 animals received T4 during days 52-60 and were sacrificed 5-6 days and 1 day later, respectively. Control animals were injected with saline. VIP-LI concentrations were determined in extracts from the left and right atria separately. In Neo-S and Adult-2 rats, spontaneous heart rate, the weight of both atria and total T4 serum levels were significantly enhanced, while their body weight was decreased. The ratio atria weight to body weight was significantly increased in all groups except for Adult-1 animals. Hyperthyroidism led to a significant decrease in VIP-LI levels in both atria of Neo-S and Neo-T rats. Hyperthyroidism induced in adult rats also decreased VIP-LI levels in both atria. However, this change was only transient. In conclusion, our data have provided new evidence that hyperthyroidism induced during the early neonatal period interferes with the development of VIP-ergic innervation in rat atria. The period of the first few postnatal days seems to be essential for this effect, since VIP-LI concentrations in 60-day-old animals did not significantly differ between Neo-S and Neo-T atria., J. Kuncová, J. Slavíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The pulmonary vasodilator action of an S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), was investigated in the rat pulmonary vasculature. The influence of its nitric oxide donator property was studied by comparison with the effect of acetylpenicillamine (AP), SNAP minus the nitroso group, and the blockade of nitric oxide release by the L-arginine analogue, L-NAME. In the isolated rat lung perfused with autologous blood at a constant flow rate (1PL), changes in pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) reflect changes in pulmonary vascular resistance. Dose-response relationships to both SNAP and AP (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 /ug) were established both during normoxic ventilation (air + 5 % CO2; low Ppa) and when Ppa was raised by alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction (2 % O2 + 5 % CO2). SNAP caused small dose-dependent fall in normoxic Ppa (mean±S.D. 17.4±3.0 mm Hg). in 11 rat IPL % fall of Ppa was 1, 3 and 4 % for 1, 10 and 100 ¡ug, respectively (p<0.01). This fall was more obvious when Ppa was raised by hypoxia (mean Ppa rise (HPV) 11.5±3.8 mm Hg); there was a 22, 55 and 79 % fall in HPV for 1,10 and 100 /ug in 11 rat IPL. The dilatation after 10 /ig SNAP was not consistently affected by 100/rg L-NAME (% fall in HPV pre L-NAME 45±22 % vs 42±23 % post L-NAME). AP had no significant effect on Ppa, causing only small falls in Ppa, equivalent to solvent (saline). There was occasionally a small rise in Ppa with 10 and 100 /tg AP. Thus, the dilator action of SNAP is most likely due to its NO donator property, and is not consistently affected by blockade of endogenous NO release.
Previous studies have substantiated the antipyretic role played by extrahypothalamic limbic system (EXHY-LS) AVP during fever. Repeated attempts to elucidate other thermoregulatory functions of this hormone have failed. Circumstantial evidence, however, suggest central role for this hormone in thermoregulation under hypohydration. Hypohydration, hyperosmolarity and hypovolaemia induce upward shifts in temperature thresholds for activation of heat dissipating mechanisms. When hypovolaemia is superimposed on hyperosmolarity these shifts are additive. Analogously, these two stressors when combined, decrease the osmotic threshold for AVP release. In rats, the elevated temperature thresholds for evaporative cooling and peripheral vasodilation occurring with hypohydration are positively correlated with lower Hypothalamic/EXHY-LS AVP ratio. Reciprocal relations between limbic system and blood AVP contents suggest competitive interaction between central and peripheral demands. Hypothesis for the possible mode of action of central AVP in thermoregulation under hypohydration is discussed.
The potassium channel opening drug, pinacidil, has been examined in isolated perfused lungs taken from rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (housed in 10 % oxygen for 7 days) and control rats. Inhibition by pinacidil (1 to 30 //M) of noradrenaline (NA)-induced vasoconstriction (NA infusions; /^-adrenoceptors blocked) and of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV; ventilation for 3.5 -4.5 min with 0-1 % oxygen) were compared. The vasoconstrictor responses in preparations from control and hypoxic rats, respectively, were (mm Hg) NA 6.6±0.68 (6); 8.2±1.45 (9); HPV 7.8±1.03 (12); 8.8±0.93 (13). These responses were reversibly inhibited by pinacidil. In lungs from control rats pinacidil was 10-fold less potent against NA than against HPV, but in lungs from hypoxic rats it was equipotent against NA and HPV. When tested against NA, but not HPV, pinacidil was significantly more potent in lungs from hypoxic rats than control rats. It is postulated that NA-induced vasoconstriction in lungs from hypoxic rats, and HPV in both groups of rats, involve calcium influx through voltage-operated calcium channels. Consequently, these responses are readily inhibited by drugs such as pinacidil which open potassium channels and hyperpolarise the cell membrane. In contrast in lungs from control rats, NA-induced constriction may involve mainly intracellular calcium release and thus be less readily inhibited by the hyperpolarising effect of pinacidil.
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that vasorelaxing action of vasonatrin peptide (VNP) is due to activation of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channel (BKCa) via guanylyl cyclase (GC)-coupled natriuretic peptide receptors (NPRs) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Contraction experiments were performed using human radial artery, whereas BKCa current by patch clamp was recorded in cells from rat mesenteric artery. Contractility of rings cut from human radial artery was detected in vitro. As a result, VNP induced a dose-dependent vasorelaxation of human radial artery, which could be mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP, and suppressed by TEA, a blocker of BKCa, HS-142-1, a blocker of GC-coupled NPRs, or methylene blue (MB), a selective inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase. Sequentially, whole-cell K+ currents were recorded using patch clamp techniques. BKCa current of VSMCs isolated from rat mesentery artery was obtained by subtracting the whole cell currents after applications of 10-7 mol/l iberiotoxin (IBX) from before its applications. In accordance with the results of arterial tension detection, BKCa current was significantly magnified by VNP, which could also be mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP, whereas suppressed by HS-142-1, or MB. Taken together, VNP acts as a potent vasodilator, and NPRA/B-cGMP-BKCa is one possible signaling system involved in VNP induced relaxation., J. Yu ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy