V práci je prezentovaná problematika tvorby vol'ných radikálov kyslíka, ich elektrónovej štruktúry, vlastností a metódy detekcie. Pozornosť je venovaná poškodzujúcemu účinku vol'ných radikálov na nukleové kyseliny, proteíny a biologické membrány., The article is dealing with the topic of oxygen-containing free radicals, their electronic structure, properties and methods of detection. Attention is paid to chemical and biochemical aspects of these free radicals, i.e., the sources of their generation, the metal-mediated formation of the reactive species and the damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids initiated by them., Klaudia Jomová, Ľubomír Zelenický, Vlasta Brezová, Marián Valko., and Obsahuje bibliografii
It is well known that antagonists of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels inhibit the evoked quan tal release of acetylcholine in amphibian neuromuscular synapses. This, however, does not exclude the functional expression of other types of voltage-gated calcium channels in these nerve terminals. Using immunocytochemistry, we detected the expression of the α1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels (that is otherwise typical of mammalian motor nerve endings) in the frog neuromuscular junction. In addition, we demonstrated that the P/Q-type channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA (20 nM) reduced the action potential- induced calcium transient and significantly decreased both spontaneous and evoked mediator release. Our data indicates the functional expression of P/Q-type calcium channels in the frog motor nerve ending which participate in acetylcholine release., L. F. Nurullin ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Using a microelectrode with carbon filaments and the voltammctric technique, changes evoked in the catechol oxidation current (CA.OC) and multiple unit activity (MUA) by microinjection of 3-5 ¿ri 03 mol.I'1 KC1 were studied in the reticular formation (RF) of the medulla oblongata of anaesthetized rats; the effect of KC1 stimulation of the RF and corpus striatum (S) on the CA.OC in these structures was compared. The microinjection of KC1 in the vicinity of the working electrode in the RF caused depression of MUA which began 2-3 s after administration, persisted for up to 6 min after and then diminished, reaching control values within 9 min. The voltammctric signal was first recorded in the 1st min after microinjection, when there was an evident decrease in the CA.OC value (59 % of the control value); this effect reached its maximum 7 min after administration (a mean drop to 23 % of the control), while at the end of the experiment (i.e. after 24 min) CA.OC values had risen to 45-80 % of the control value. The response in the S had a biphasic character, however. Immediately after the microinjection (1st min), the mean CA.OC value rose to 626 % of the control, while in the second phase (3-10 min) it was seen to fall below the control values (means 21-63 % of the control). The differences in the changes evoked by K+ depolarization in the concentration of catecholamines in the RF and S microenvironment are discussed from the aspect of the existence of different pools of the transmitter and
other regional differences. The possibility of a relationship between considered.
Medical genetic research achieved in last decade many efforts leading to better understanding of inherited basis of human diseases. This will not be possible without the participation of patients and controls. However, the general understanding of the background and possibilities of genetic association studies is very low. It was confirmed by study of university of students. Because of the fair of misuses of the individual genetic information, significant part of participants refused the use of already donated blood samples for genetic testing but agreed with using of buccal swabs for the same analysis. To enhance the general knowledge’s of the population, leading to realistic expectations not just about genetic predictive power but also about the eventual risks in behind will be the major mission in the next years., V. Adámková ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Želatinové optické prvky vyrobené přímo žáky lze využít k naplnění cílů badatelsky orientované výuky v oblasti paprskové optiky. Článek popisuje podrobný návod na výrobu želatinových optických prvků a poskytuje námět na experimenty, při kterých žáci popíšou základní fyzikální zákonitosti paprskové optiky. Čtenář se také seznámí s výsledky předvýzkumu zabývajícího se dopadem neformálního vzdělávání na žáky., Gelatine optical elements made by pupils, can be used to achieve targets for inquiry-based science education in the field of ray optics. This article gives detailed instructions for the preparation of gelatine optical elements and provides a topic for experiments in which pupils describe the basic physical laws of ray optics. Additionally, we describe results from preliminary research dealing with the impact of extra-curricular education on pupils., Roman Chvátal., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Na modelové situace a jejich řešení jsme si v podstatě zvykli v běžném životě. Ukazuje se však, že v rámci výuky fyziky, a to jak při výkladu fyzikálních jevů a dějů, tak i při řešení úloh, se bez nich neobejdeme. Článek uvádí několik příkladů z výuky fyziky, pomocí nichž si tuto skutečnost můžeme uvědomit., We used to model situations and their solutions in our life. lt appears that they are necessary for teaching and studying physics, on the one hand for explanation of physical phenomena, and for solving problems. The paper presents some examples appropriate to realize this fact., Ivo Volf., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Článek pojednává o principech a provedení koherentních difrakčních metod pro účely zobrazování mikroskopických objektů. Donedávna šlo o techniky využívané spíše jen výjimečně. S rozvojem a stále rostoucí dostupností výkonových zdrojů koherentního krátkovlnného záření, především vysokých harmonických (high-order harmonics) a rentgenových laserů různých typů. však nachází stále širší uplatnění., In the last decade, the field of microscopy has experienced a revolution in the application of coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) methods. In particular, thanks to the availability of high brilliance short wavelength sources, CDI is now used for a large number of applications such as biological imaging, material research or nanoscale investigation of magnetic domains. Furthermore, the recent development of high brightness X-ray and EUV laboratory sources will extend the applications of short wavelength CDI from large facilities, such as synchrotrons, to small laboratories and universities., Michal Odstrčil., and Obsahuje seznam literatury