Vedeckým zámerom predkladaného príspevku je prostredníctvom historickej, analytickej, komparatívnej a indukčnej metódy odlíšenie klasického žoldnierstva, ako ho definuje medzinárodné právo, od pôsobenie tzv. súkromných vojenských a bezpečnostných spoločností (private military and security companies – PMSC). Tie sa vo forme obchodných spoločností objavujú v rôznych oblastiach medzinárodného krízového manažmentu a tvoria v súčasnosti nezanedbateľný komponent ozbrojenej prítomnosti
v jednotlivých konfliktoch. Sú tiež pomerne výnosným predmetom „nadnárodného“ podnikania s pomerne nejasne stanovenými pravidlami, do ktorých značne zasahuje aj medzinárodné právo ozbrojeného konfliktu (medzinárodné humanitárne právo). V predmetnom príspevku sa snažíme zaujať stanovisko aj k tzv. hard a soft law iniciatívam, ktorých cieľom je potlačiť proliferáciu týchto spoločnosti, (resp. ich vznik a pôsobenie regulovať) a sformulovať závery de lege ferenda v súvislosti s participačným procesom Slovenskej republiky na Dokumente z Montreaux. and This paper wants to, by using historical, analytical, comparative and inductive methods, distinguish typical mercenarism as defined by the international law from the so-called private military and security companies (PMSC), which appear in the form of business corporations in various areas of international crisis management and currently represent a significant component of an
armed presence in the present conflicts and quite profitable subject of “transnational” business with rather vaguely defined rules which are greatly affected by the International law of armed conflict (International humanitarian law). The paper is trying to take a position on the so-called hard and soft law initiatives which seek to suppress the proliferation of these companies (i.e. the creation and regulation) and to formulate conclusions de lege ferenda in connection with the participation process of the Slovak Republic in the Montreaux Document.
Sulfite, at concentrations from 0.05 to 5.0 mM, inhibited the uptake of sucrose into stripped tissue disks and enzymatically isolated vein networks from mature pea leaves. Sulfite affected the rate of sucrose uptake, while the value was not influenced. The isolated vein networks were much more sensitive to sulfite action than stripped leaf disks.
This study aimed to investigate the vasoactivity of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a novel gas identified from vascular tissue, in rat thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta was isolated, cut into rings, and mounted in organ-bath chambers. After equilibrium, the rings were gradually stretched to a resting tension. Isometric tension was recorded under the treatments with vasoconstrictors, SO2 derivatives, and various drugs as pharmacological interventions. In endothelium-intact aortic rings constricted by 1 μM phenylephrine (PE), SO2 derivatives (0.5 – 8 mM) caused a dose-dependent relaxation. Endothelium removal and a NOS inhibitor L-NAME reduced the relaxation to low doses of SO2 derivatives, but not that to relatively high doses (≥ 2 mM). In endothelium-denuded rings, SO2 derivatives attenuat ed vasoconstriction induced by high K+ (60 mM) or CaCl2 (0.01-10 mM). The relaxation to SO2 derivatives in PE-constricted rings without endothelium was significantly inhibited by blockers of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) and Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels, but not by those of voltage-dependent K+ channels, Na+-K+-ATPase or Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. SO2 relaxed vessel tone via endothelium-dependent mechanisms associated with NOS activation, and via endothelium-independent mechanisms dependent on the inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and the opening of KATP and KCa channels., Y.-K- Wang., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Diabetes mellitus is associated with many complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and angiopathy. Increased cardiovascular risk is accompanied with diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacological agents with endothelium-protective effects may decrease cardiovascular complications. In present study sulodexide (glycosaminoglycans composed from heparin-like and dermatan fractions) was chosen to evaluate its protective properties on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Effect of sulodexide treatment (SLX, 100 UI/kg/day, i.p.) in 5 and 10 weeks lasting streptozotocin-induced diabetes (30 mg/kg/day, i.p. administered for three consecutive days) was investigated. Animals were divided into four groups: control (injected with saline solution), control-treated with sulodexide (SLX), diabetic (DM) and diabetic-treated with sulodexide (DM+SLX). The pre-prandial and postprandial plasma glucose levels, number of circulating endothelial cells (EC) and acetylcholine-induced relaxation of isolated aorta and mesenteric artery were evaluated. Streptozotocin elicited hyperglycemia irrespective of SLX treatment. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes enhanced the number of circulating endothelial cells compared to controls. SLX treatment decreased the number of EC in 10-week diabetes. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation of mesenteric arteries was significantly impaired in 5 and 10-week diabetes. SLX administration improved relaxation to acetylcholine in 5 and 10-week diabetes. Diabetes impaired acetylcholine-induced relaxation of rat aorta irrespective of SLX treatment. Our results demonstrate that SLX treatment lowers the number of circulating endothelial cells and improves endothelium-dependent relaxation in small arteries. These findings suggest endothelium-protective effect of sulodexide in streptozotocin-induced diabetes., V. Kristová, S. Líšková, R. Sotníková, R. Vojtko, A. Kurtanský., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy