The article describes fundamental and application results obtained in the Department of Quantum Electronics of the Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics (IRE) of Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The early success in detection of the Doppler effect of radiation reflected from the first satellite orbiting the Earth - Sputnik (1957) was in the Department followed by systematic work in the area of ammonia masers, both 14NH3 and 15NH3 (1963-72). Short information is given on the first graduate courses in quantum electronics (1963-64) organized by the Department. Department's program of laser development and applications is discussed in details. The results of four key research projects are reported in the article, i.e., (a) ruby laser and its application in ophthalmology (including the first laser surgery of retina carried out in our laboratory), (b) carbon dioxide IR lasers, (c) UV-Vis gas lasers (blue He-Cd laser, near-ultraviolet nitrogen laser), and (d) tunable dye lasers. Unfortunately, the politically motivated dissolution of the Department in early seventies ended all the promising programs., Jan Blabla, Viktor Trkal., Obsahuje bibliografii, and V anglickém názvu uvedeno chybně Quatum - správně = Quantum
The diversity of lichen flora is presented and compared with the neighbouring count - ries. The main phytogeographic elements are outlined and illustrated with representative examples. Changes in the flora along with the main causal factors are discussed. and Jiří Liška.
V knize hodnotí éru pětadvaceti let od pádu komunistického režimu v Československu čtyři přední politici: bývalý předseda československé a české vlády a český prezident Václav Klaus, bývalý předseda české vlády a předseda Senátu Petr Pithart, bývalý ministr spravedlnosti a současný předseda Ústavního soudu ČR Pavel Rychetský, bývalý předseda české vlády a současný prezident České republiky Miloš Zeman. Recenzent přibližuje a srovnává jejich názory na ústřední témata rozhovorů, jimiž jsou politická a ekonomická transformace, česko-slovenské a česko-německé vztahy, existence lustračního zákona, role soudní moci v demokracii, otázka eventuálního zákazu komunistické strany, takzvaná opoziční smlouva mezi Zemanovou sociálnědemokratickou stranou a Klausovou Občanskou demokratickou stranou a nakonec havlovská "nepolitická politika"., In the publication under review, tha past quarter of a century since the collapse of the Communist régime in Czechoslovakia is considered by four leading Czech politicians: former premier of Czechoslovakia, and later, Premier and then President of the Czech Republic, Václav Klaus, a former Premier of the Czech Republic and later Speaker of the Senate, Petr Pithart, a former Minister of Justice and current Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Pavel Rychetský, and a former Premier and current President of the Cezch Republic, Miloš Zeman. The reviewer discusses and compares their views of the central topics discussed in the interviews - the political and economic transformation, Czecho-Slovak and Czecho-German relations, the existence of the vetting law (lustrační zákon), the role of the courts in democracy, the question of the possible banning of the Communist Party, an so-called "opposition agreement" between Zeman´s Social Democratic Party and Klaus´s Civil Democratic Party, and, lastly, Václav Havel´s "nonpolitical politics"., [autor recenze] Vlastimil Hála., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Politik Petr Pithart (1941), bývalý disident, premiér české vlády a později dlouhá léta předseda či místopředseda Senátu Parlamentu ČR, je také autorem řady knih o politice a moderních českých dějinách. V poslední z nich reflektuje svou roli v politice v období od února 1990, kdy se stal předsedou české vlády, do volební porážky jeho Občanského hnutí v červnu 1992. Recenzentka připomíná zvláště pasáže věnované rozdělení kompetencí mezi republikové vlády a federální vládu, scénářům ekonomické reformy, privatizaci průmyslových podniků nebo fungování tehdejší politiky. Autor se pohybuje mezi sebekritikou a sebeobhajobou a je podle ní silný tehdy, když příliš nemoralizuje a věcně popisuje., From the 1960s to the 1990s, Petr Pithart (b. 1941) was a leading dissident. After the Changes beginning in late 1989 he became Premier of the Czech Government and, later, was for years the Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the Czech Senate. He is also the author of a number of books about politics and modern Czech history. In his most recent publication, whose title translates as "After Eighty-nine: Recollections and meditations" (the third volume of Pithart´s collected works), he considers his role in the period from February 1990, when he was elected Czech Premier, to the defeat his party, the Citizen´s Movement (Občanské hnutí), in the general elections of June 1992. The reviewer notes in particular the passages devoted to the division of powers between the Czech and Slovak governments on the one hand and the Federal Government on the other, the scenarios for economic reform, the privatization of industries, and politics in practice. According to the reviewer, Pithart moves in this publicaton between self-criticism and self-defence and is at his strongest when he avoids moralizing and sticks instead to factual description., [autor recenze] Adéla Gjuričová., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
Studie Roberta Škardy se zabývá tvorbou českých skladatelů, využívajících ve svých kompozicích polystylovost a koláž, stejně jako teoretickými aspekty takového typu děl a jejich reflexí v odborných časopisech., The topic of this study is the music of Czech composers based mainly on the juxtaposition of styles, stylizations of historical or jazz music, and the use of quotations in the years between 1960 and 2000. It deals with reconstruction of the meanings of the period musical terms polystylism and collage, and it maps out the use of these terms in the reception of this music at the time and in the compositional theory and practice of Czech musical culture during that forty-year period. The main sources for the analysis of terms were reviews, articles, and scholarly studies in music journals along with the contemporary statements of the composers themselves at the time and at the present. In that context, the study follows the leading representatives from among composers and critics, derives the meanings of the terms polystylism and collage, and places them in the context of Czech music of that period. As an example of a specific composition reflected upon in the context of polystylism and collage and exhibiting a number of elements typical of this compositional orientation, the study contains an analysis of the composition Útěk (The Flight) written by Arnošt Parsch in 1973., Robert Škarda., Rubrika: Studie, and Anglické resumé na s. 199, anglický abstrakt 169.
Aktualita prezentuje výsek informací, s nimiž přichází druhá Monitorovací zpráva o postavení žen v české vědě. Cílem zprávy stejně jako tohoto sdělení je informovat o součaném postavení vědkyň a upozornit je na některé z jeho aspektů i na důležitost řešení problému genderové rovnosti ve vědě obecně. Jakkoli mají statistiky, kterým se článek věnuje, vypovídající hodnotu, ukazují na jeden z mnoha projevů genderové nerovnosti v české vědě., Hana Tenglerová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Recent trends in health care provision, targeted by social science researchers employing concepts such as deprofessionalization, routinisation, proletarisation or commercialisation, also provide insight into the current situation in the Czech healthcare system. This article contributes to debates in, and about, Czech medicine. This paper presents results from a survey of physicians conducted in late 2012. Within this survey, medical doctors expressed their opinions about the general situation in Czech medicine. Czech doctors were also asked about their opinions about the introduction of potential changes in reproductive medicine practice relating to childbirth outside hospitals, accessibility to assisted reproduction for single women, performing caesarean sections upon request. Doctors’ attitudes towards medical manipulation of DNA and embryos were also examined. The survey results presented in this study suggest that there are deep gaps in the attitudes of Czech doctors depending on their working environment. The empirical results do not support an image of homogeneity in doctors’ medical opinions. Czech physicians’ attitudes are shown to correlate with some socio-demographic characteristics such as sex category, age or religion. The attitudes of some doctors toward assisted reproduction techniques or changes in obstetric practices are supportive of demands for change made by some patients. Physician support for change of the practices under question is more evident in medical specialisations such as gynaecology and obstetrics than in other areas of Czech medicine. Answers to open-ended questions that examined perception of the most serious problems in modern medicine were dominated by specific issues arising from experience with patients and broader concerns regarding the Czech healthcare system., Lenka Slepičková a Iva Šmídová., and Obsahuje bibliografii