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42. Does systems differentiation present a risk for contemporary society?

Creator:
Jiří Šubrt
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, systems differentiation, subsystems, self-reference, media, codes, risk, supervision, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
For Niklas Luhmann modern society is a functionally differentiated society, i. e. it is composed of heterogeneous but equal parts which are relatively independent and are defined as social subsystems. Luhmann’s analysis presents contemporary society as a whole differentiated into functionally dependent yet autonomous sub-systems that constitute neighbouring worlds for each other. This raises the question of the existence or non-existence of potential unifying forces or integration mechanisms. In Luhmann’s view the main problem is the non-existence of means of “metacommunication”. The development of specialised media and codes in the individual sub-systems increases the overall complexity of the social system, but does not entail the metacom¬munication that would make possible the self-observation and self-reference of the social system as a whole. and Jiří Šubrt.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

43. Doleželovy fikční světy

Creator:
Bohumil Fořt
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Teorie fikčních světů se ve světovém kontextu rozvíjí od sedmdesátých let minulého století a od svých počátků je inspirována nejrůznějšími logickými a filozofickými koncepty. Dnes její plně ustavená forma nabízí konkrétní nástroje a strategie vhodné pro řešení široké škály literárně teoretických problémů. Samotné založení teorie fikčních světů je spojeno se jménem Lubomíra Doležela, který později její vývoj obohacuje o klíčové rozlišení mezi extensionální a intensionální strukturou fikčních světů. Tato distinkce rozvíjí budoucí instrumentální potenciál celé teorie. Nicméně i díky Doleželovu následnému bádání v oblasti fikčních a historických narativů se jedním ze současných použití této teorie stala její aplikace na otázky identity literatury a podstaty fikce a fikčnosti literárních děl., The theory of fictional worlds has developed, in the world context, since the 1970s and has, from its beginnings, been inspired by various logical and philosophical concepts. Today, in its fully established form, it offers concrete instruments and strategies suited to the solution of a wide range of literary-theoretical problems. The actual founding of the theory of fictional worlds is linked with the name of Lubomír Doležel, who later enriched its development with the key distinction between the extensional and intensional structures of fictional worlds. This distinction has enhanced the future instrumental potential of the whole theory. Nevertheless, due also to Doležel’s subsequent research in the area of fictional and historical narratives, one contemporary use of this theory has become its application to the questions of the identity of literature and the basis of fiction and the fictionality of literary works., and Bohumil Fořt.
Rights:
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45. Durdík a Hostinský: počátky darwinismu v Čechách

Creator:
Stibral, Karel
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, český darwinismus, estetika, Durdík, Hostinský, Czech Darwinism, aesthetics, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Text se zaměřuje na při jetí a vnímání darwinismu v českých zemích v 19. století, kdy bylo šíření a interpretace Darwinova učení paradoxně spjato s dvěma profesory estetiky z Karlo-Ferdinandovy un verzity v Praze, Josefem Durdíkem a Otakarem Hostinským. Ačkoliv poněkud zjednodušovali teorii přírodního výběru, Darwinovu teorii chápali jako příchod nového paradigmatu (na rozdíl od tehdejších biologů působících v Čechách). Tento text představuje a srovnává interpretaci darwinismu u obou estetiků, zejména jejich stanoviska k teorii přírodního výběru, možnostem aplikace této teorie v estetice a teorii umění, a také jejich vztah k Darwinově výkladu estetických jevů v přírodě. Jako dodatek následuje krátké vyzdvižení Darwinova učení v textech dalších českých estetiků (Tyrš, Klácel, Volek)., The text is focused on the acceptance and perception of Darwinism in 19th-century Bohemia, when the diffusion and interpretation of Darwin’s teachings were paradoxical connected with two professors of aesthetics from Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, Josef Durdík and Otakar Hostinský. Although they somewhat simplified the theory of natural selection, they understood Darwin’s theory to be the arrival of a new paradigm (in contrast to contemporary biologists working in the Czech lands). This text presents and compares both aestheticians’ interpretations of Darwinism, mainly their stance on the theory of natural selection, the possibilities for applying this theory to aesthetics and art theory, as well as their relationship to Darwin’s interpretation of aesthetic phenomena in nature. As a supplement, a short emphasis on Darwin’s teaching in texts of other Czech aesteticians (Tyrš, Klácel, Vol ek) follows., and Karel Stibral.
Rights:
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46. Ecclesiology of reformation churches in relationship to individual's church affiliation

Creator:
Pavel B. Kůrka and Volek, Jan
Format:
print, bez média, and svazek
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, eklesiologie, reformace, kostely, ecclesiology, reformation, churches, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Pavel Kurka ; translated from the Czech by Jan Volek., přeloženo z češtiny, and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

47. Ethik der Technik als Ausgangspunkt für die Praxis der Technikfolgenbeurteilung

Creator:
Machleidt, Petr
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, ethics of technology, technology assessment, respon sibility, technological culture, values, sustainable development, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article concentrates on development of the mutual relations between ethics of technology (taken as a philosophical discipline) and so called technology assessment (as a branch dealing with multi- and transdisciplinary socio-scientific issues). It shows both identical and different signs of the interactions on examples taken from Germany and from the Czech Republic. Discussion on technology in Germany is noted for its strong moral charge - we can find here both enthusiasm for technology as well as very clean cut anti-technology attitudes. As for the Czech environment, there comes to mutual mixing of various attitudes - we can trace here inspiration taken from other countries - for example from France. The original contribution of the Czech way of thinking in the field of philosophy on technology in relation to ethics represents also so called conception of laboretism. Globally said, it appears that disputes over technology have their cause in various ethical attitudes of interested stakeholders. But different conceptions of what is and/or what is not ethical can be and should be analysed by rational means. Various practical objectives of the social technology assessment should not displace ethics in technology as a methodology of discursive management of technology conflicts. Scientific consultancy has to comprise both its descriptive and prescriptive aspects. It gives a new sense to interdisciplinary co-operation among various scientific disciplines and science and technology ethics. and Petr Machleidt.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public

48. Evidencia v analytickej filozofii

Creator:
Marián Zouhar
Format:
print
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, analytická filozofie, intuice, analytical philosophy, intuition, evidence in philosophy, richness of intuitions, specifity of intuitions, transparency of intuitions, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
It is often supposed that linguistic, conceptual and, perhaps, other kinds of intuitions are one of the most important tools used to test theories in analytical philosophy. On this view, intuitions thought to be rich enough to be applicable to all the data the philosopher has used in formulating and testing her theory; but specific enough to enable one to choose between competing theories; and transparent enough to be clearly relevant for the theory. In the light of certain examples from epistemology and philosophy of language, it is claimed here that these requirements are not met. Consequently, evaluation of philosophical theories on the basis of intuitions leads to unreliable and problematic results., Marián Zouhar., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
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49. Evropská občanská společnost a taylorovská inspirace: veřejné sféry a identity v proměnách evropeizace

Creator:
Karel B. Müller
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Filozofie, filozofie, philosophy, Charles Taylor, European civil society, European public sphere, European identity, Europeanisation, active border, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
This article examines Taylor’s approach to the conception of civil society and attempts to interpret the relation of this approach to contemporary debates on the forming of European civil society. By way of introduction, Taylor’s interpretation of the medieval socio-political assumptions for the creation of the extra-political public sphere is presented. Next, there is a discussion of Taylor’s interpretational conception of the two most significant traditions of civil society which take their rise from a confrontation with European enlightenment absolutism - the traditions of Locke and Montesquieu. The author attempts to make sense of the way in which Taylor’s approach resonates with the concept of civil society in discussions about the presuppositions and forms of the creation of the European public sphere and trans-national (European) identities as two key forms of European civil society. In conclusion, the concept of the active border is presented as a key matrix of the conceptual constellation of the public sphere, identity and Europeanisation., Karel B. Müller., and Obsahuje poznámky a bibliografii
Rights:
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50. F. A. Hayek a (abstraktní) pravidla

Creator:
Svoboda, Vladimír
Type:
model:article and TEXT
Subject:
filozofie, philosophy, Friedrich A. Hayek, abstraktní pravidla, implicitní pravidla, normy, pravidelnosti, abstract rules, implicit rules, norms, regularities, 5, and 101
Language:
Czech
Description:
Článek reflektuje Hayekovy výklady o povaze pravidel. Ukazuje, že jeho pojetí pravidel je extrémně široké a vazba mezi pravidly a pravidelnostmi je nepřijatelně úzká. Následně je nastíněno alternativní - užší - vymezení pojmu pravidla. Nakonec je podrobeno kritice Hayekovo příliš úzké chápání pojmu normativních pravidel a je navrženo jeho širší vymezení., The article reflects on Hayek's expositions concerning the nature of rules. It shows that his conception of rules is extremely wide, and that the bond between rules and regularities is too tight. Subsequently an alternative - narrower - delineation of the concept of rule is proposed. In the last part of the paper Hayek's too narrow a conception of normative rules is subjected to criticism and a broader conception is proposed., and Vladimír Svoboda.
Rights:
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