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261. Implications of insect responses to supernormal visual releasing stimuli in intersexual communication and flower-visiting behaviour: a review

Creator:
Kral, Karl
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, hmyz, motýli, čmelák, opylovači, insects, butterflies, bumble bees, pollinators, visual stimuli, mating, foraging, orchid mimicry, food reward, floral size, floral symmetry, ultraviolet signals, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Animals, including human beings, tend to respond more strongly to stimuli that are associated with the highest relative rewards. This applies not only to food rewards but also to reproductive success. In the present review article this issue is discussed for insects in connection with intersexual communication and flower-visiting behaviour. Implications of the preference for supernormal visual releasing stimuli are examined from a sensory and evolutionary perspective, including a consideration of the choice of potential mates and recognition of the most rewarding flowers., Karl Kral., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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263. Increasing patch area, proximity of human settlement and larval food plants positively affect the occurrence and local population size of the habitat specialist butterfly Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in fragmented calcareous grasslands

Creator:
Rosin, Zuzana M., Skórka, Piotr, Lenda, Magdalena, Moroń, Dawid, Sparks, Tim H., and Tryjanowski, Piotr
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, habitat fragmentation, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatus coridon, metapopulation, patch occupancy, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Which factors influence the occurrence, population size and density of species in fragmented habitat patches are key questions in population and conservation ecology. Metapopulation theory predicts that larger and less isolated habitat patches should positively influence species occurrence and population size. However, recent studies have shown that habitat quality, human activity and permeability of the landscape surrounding habitat patches may be also important. In this paper we test the relative effects of habitat patch characteristics, human settlement and landscape permeability on the occurrence, local population size and density of the Chalk-hill Blue Polyommatus coridon a charismatic butterfly inhabiting calcareous grasslands in a fragmented landscape in southern Poland. Patch occupancy rate (corrected for the butterfly detection probability) was 0.45. Habitat patch area, proximity of human settlement and cover of larval food plants positively affected occurrence of the Chalk-hill Blue. Local population size of the Chalk-hill Blue was positively affected by patch area and proximity of human settlement, and negatively by patch isolation. Local density was higher in patches located close to human settlement. Our study is one of the few showing a positive effect of human settlement on a grassland specialist butterfly although the mechanism hidden behind this phenomenon is unknown and requires further examination. In order to maintain local populations of the Chalk-hill Blue in southern Poland, conservation action should be focused on large, closely connected calcareous grasslands. Moreover, extensive management of this habitat should be maintained by local inhabitants who are better placed to undertake such work. and Zuzanna M. ROSIN, Piotr SKÓRKA, Magdalena LENDA, Dawid MORON, Tim H. SPARKS, Piotr TRYJANOWSKI.
Rights:
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264. Indochinese Polydictya lanternflies: Two new species from Vietnam, identification key and notes on P. vietnamica (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)

Creator:
Constant, Jérôme and Pham, Hong-Thai
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, polokřídlí, Hemiptera, Indočína, Indochina, Fulgoridae, Polydictya, lanternbug, planthopper, taxonomy, new species, key, citizen science, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Two new species of Polydictya Guérin-Méneville, 1844 from Vietnam, P. grootaerti sp. n. from Central Vietnam and P. drumonti sp. n. from North Vietnam, are described and compared with the closest species, P. chantrainei Nagai & Porion, 2004 and P. kuntzi Nagai & Porion, 2004. The male genitalia are described and illustrated for the two new species as well as for P. vietnamica Constant & Pham, 2008 for the first time. Habitus details and photographs, a distribution map and photographs of specimens in nature when available, are provided. The occurrence of P. vietnamica from Thailand and Northeast India, noted here for the first time based on photographs taken in nature, requires confirmation based on the examination of specimens. An identification key to the species of Polydictya from the Indochinese region is provided., Jérôme Constant, Hong-Thai Pham., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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265. Infestation of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Yoania japonica by the two-winged fly, Chyliza vittata (Diptera: Psilidae)

Creator:
Suetsugu, Kenji
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, dvoukřídlí, vstavačovité, Diptera, orchids, Psilidae, Chyliza vittata, host plants, mycoheterotrophy, Orchidaceae, Yoania japonica, Gastrodia elata, phytophagous insects, stem-miner, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Chyliza vittata is known to utilize leaves, stems and underground parts of several leafy and leafless orchids. Compared to the well-recorded feeding habits of C. vittata in Europe, its feeding habits in Japan are poorly studied. Thus, further records of its host plants and the habits of its larvae in Japan are likely to reveal the similarities and differences in its feeding habits in Europe and Japan. The current study reports C. vittata feeding on the stems of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Yoania japonica in central Japan. This study also showed that in spite of the small size of Yoania its reproductive success is not severely reduced when infested with C. vittata, whereas the robust stems of Gastrodia elata, which is its main host plant in Japan, are thought to be a defence against infestation by C. vittata., Kenji SUETSUGU., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

266. Influence of linear versus network corridors on the movement and dispersal of the bush-cricket Metrioptera roeseli (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in an experimental landscape

Creator:
Eriksson, Anders, Low, Matthew, and Berggren, Asa
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Tettigoniidae, Metrioptera roeselii, movement, corridor, intersections, cross-roads, linear elements, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Linear landscape elements are generally considered beneficial for promoting the movements of species between isolated habitats. However, relatively little consideration has been given to the effect of interconnections (nodes) between these elements: e.g. a simple linear element offers limited options for movement, whereas a network of such structures provides an exponential increase in potential pathways. In this pilot study we compared two experimental landscapes (single versus a lattice of four interconnected linear elements) in terms of their effect on the movement of males of Roesel’s bush-cricket (Metrioptera roeseli) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Emigration of released bush-crickets from experimental landscapes was greater if there was a single rather than a lattice of linear elements (corridors). In the landscape with a lattice of corridors, 50% of the bush-crickets changed their direction of movement at nodes at least once. There was also evidence that nodes were attractive to bush-crickets; a higher proportion of individuals were found in and around nodes than in adjoining corridors, with the strength of this effect (i.e. aggregation at nodes) increasing with time. Thus nodes may not only affect the direction of movement but may also act as a local attractant. These effects may have an important role in the movement of species and their success in colonizing fragmented landscapes. These results indicate that in future landscape planning more consideration should be given to the connectivity between linear landscape elements as it is likely to be important in determining the movement and distribution of species., Anders Eriksson, Matthew Low, Asa Berggren., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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267. Influence of male density on guarding behaviour in the water strider Aquarius paludum (Heteroptera: Gerridae)

Creator:
Matsueda, Atsuo and Fujisaki, Kenji
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, entomologie, Heteroptera, Gerridae, Aquarius paludum, mating behaviour, sex ratio, male density, isolation period, struggle duration, guarding behaviour decision, water strider, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
In species with last sperm precedence, post-mating guarding behaviour by males is effective for avoiding sperm displacement by additional males. However, for males to guard their mates under all circumstances may be undesirable, particularly when the population density of conspecific rival males is low. To better understand the effects of rival density on mate guarding behaviour, we compared post-copulatory behaviour in males artificially subjected to different male densities using Aquarius paludum. Our results indicate that males of A. paludum modulate their post-copulatory behaviour based on previously experienced rival densities. and Atsuo Matsueda, Kenji Fujisaki.
Rights:
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268. Influence of natal host on parasitism by Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Creator:
Beitia, Francisco, Valencia, Erik, Peris, Bernat, De Pedro, Luis, Asís, Josep D., and Tormos, José
Format:
print, počítač, and online zdroj
Type:
article, články, journal articles, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, blanokřídlí, dvoukřídlí, vrtulovití, mouchovití, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Tephritidae, Muscidae, Pteromalidae, Spalangia cameroni, rearing protocol, animal welfare, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is sold commercially as a biocontrol agent of filth flies, including the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). For this reason, S. cameroni is mass-reared for inundative releases to control harmful flies. However, the mass-rearing protocols include very little information on the influence of natal host on subsequent host selection by parasitoids with more than one potential host as in the genus Spalangia. Here, we report on the use of S. cameroni against M. domestica. The S. cameroni were reared using Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) (natal host) pupae for several generations. Freeze-killed fly pupae were used in assays to determine the fecundity, number of adult progeny and sex-ratio of this parasitoid. Realized fecundity and number of adult progeny were greater when provided with house fly pupae than Mediterranean fruit fly pupae. Thus S. cameroni parasitized more house fly pupae than C. capitata pupae, even though the parasitoid was reared on Mediterranean fruit fly for many generations. These results indicate that S. cameroni reared on C. capitata can be successfully used in inundative releases against both fruit flies (agriculture) and house flies (livestock farming)., Francisco Beitia, Erik Valencia, Bernat Peris, Luis De Pedro, Josep D. Asís, José Tormos., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Rights:
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269. Influence of photoperiod on the development of diapause in larvae and its cost for individuals of a univoltine population of Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Creator:
Zeng, Ju-Ping, Wang, Yong, and Liu, XIng-Ping
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae, Dendrolimus punctatus, photoperiod, critical daylength (CDL), diapause development, termination, cost of diapause, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
Larvae of Dendrolimus punctatus overwinter in diapause. In the Yangtze River Region, this species is multivoltine at altitudes below 400 m and univoltine above 700 m a.s.l. The photoperiodic response of the univoltine population, investigated at five day lengths (11.5, 12.5, 13.5, 14.5 and 15.5 h) at 27 + 1C, indicates that D. punctatus is a long-day species. Diapause was induced in 95-100% of the individuals by three short photophases (11.5-13.5 h), while diapause incidence decreased steeply with increase in day length down to 10% at 15.5 h. The critical daylength (CDL = day length resulting in a 50% incidence of diapause) is 14.6 h. When induced by critical or longer photophases (14.5 and 15.5 h), diapause terminated spontaneously, without any change in photoperiod or temperature. Diapause induced at shorter photophases was more intense and not terminated without activation by diapause averting conditions. Larvae in diapause lived for up to 190 d when kept under a 11.5 h photophase during which they remained sensitive to the photoperiodic signal. In transfer experiments, diapause was terminated after an increase in photoperiod, even if it was within the range of diapause inducing photoperiods: from 11.5 h to 13.5 h. This study revealed that the univoltine hill dwelling population of D. punctatus undergoes a facultative diapause. Although potentially multivoltine they are univoltine because of the low temperatures at that altitude., Ju-Ping Zeng, Yong Wang, Xing-Ping Liu., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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270. Inhabiting warm microhabitats and risk-spreading as strategies for survival of a phytophagous insect living in common pastures in the Pyrenees

Creator:
Stuhldreher, Gregor, Villar, Luis, and Fartmann, Thomas
Type:
article, články, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Zoologie, zoologie, entomologie, Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Satyrium spini, oviposition, batch size, conservation management, grazing, microclimate, 2, and 59
Language:
English
Description:
1_The breakdown of the transhumant grazing system in the Spanish Pyrenees has led to a severe decline in the area of pastures. However, in the high mountain zone there are still large areas of species-rich grasslands. The aim of this study was to assess the oviposition preferences of the shrub-feeding Blue-spot hairstreak, Satyrium spini (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), in montane common pastures in the Spanish Pyrenees and recommend a way of managing these grasslands that favours this species. Our study showed that females of S.spini laid their eggs on Dwarf buckthorn (Rhamnus pumila Turra) and Alpine buckthorn (R. alpina L.), which are novel host plant records for Spain. A warm microclimate was of crucial importance for egg-laying. Occupied plants grew mostly at sparsely vegetated grassland sites where there were large patches of bare rocks, stones or gravel. Most egg batches were laid close to the ground and 75% consisted of only one egg. The number of batches per R. pumila plant was higher on east-, south- and west-facing slopes than on north-facing slopes. Presence of eggs and the number of egg batches per R. pumila plant were best explained by a long sunshine duration. At high altitudes particularly warm microhabitats seem to be more important for S.spini than at lower altitudes in Central Europe. We assume that the preference for unusually warm microhabitats is explained by the cold climatic conditions near the altitudinal range limit of the species. That most of the eggs were laid singly and not in small batches as in Central Europe might be a risk-spreading strategy to cope with the harsh climatic conditions and the high inter-annual variation in weather conditions in the high mountain zone in the Pyrenees., 2_The best way to maintain open grasslands for S. spini and other thermophilous grassland species in the high mountain zone of the Pyrenees is to use the traditional combination of sheep and cattle grazing., Gregor Stuhldreher, Luis Villar, Thomas Farthmann., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Rights:
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