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1. Comparison of the Galleria baiting technique and a direct extraction method for recovering Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) infective-stage juveniles from soil

Creator:
Sturhan, Dieter and Mráček, Zdeněk
Format:
print
Type:
model:internalpart and TEXT
Subject:
entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema, baiting, extraction, methods, soil, and Czech Republic
Language:
English
Description:
Forty soil samples from forests and other biotopes in Germany and the Czech Republic were studied for the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes using the Galleria bait method at the same time as a sieving-decanting method for direct extraction of infective-stage juveniles. Five Steinernema species were recovered trom the samples from Germany and four species from the samples from Czechia. All five species were recovered with both methods, but the baiting technique was generally less effective and mixtures of species were frequently undetected. The direct extraction method provided quantitative estimates of infective-stage juvenile density but no information on their infcclivity or on morphological characters of adults, and nematode cultures could not be established.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public

2. Susceptibility of Chironomus plumosus larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae): Potential for control

Creator:
Edmunds, Cassandra V., Wilding, Craig S., and Rae, Robbie
Type:
article, model:article, and TEXT
Subject:
Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironomus plumosus, Rhabditida, Steinernematidae, Steinernema, Heterorhabditidae, Heterorhabditis, biocontrol, chironomids, entomopathogenic nematodes, and EPNs
Language:
English
Description:
Chironomidae, or non-biting midges, are found worldwide in a wide variety of aquatic habitats. During periods of mass adult eclosion they can become a nuisance and health hazard. Current control methods target the aquatic larval stage and include the use of insect growth regulators or insecticides, which may be prohibited in certain environments or affect non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate whether entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, currently employed for control of terrestrial crop pests, could be used as a viable biocontrol for the aquatic larval stages of the Chrionomidae, offering an alternative to current chemical methods. We demonstrate that Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955), Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1975) are able to survive in water up to 96 h and are able to parasitize and kill Chironomus plumosus (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae, with mortality observed after just 24 h exposure and with < 20% survival after 4 days. We also show that following application to the water column, EPNs sink to the bottom of the lentic water body and can remain alive for more than 96 h. Taken together, we believe that several EPN species could be developed as a valid form of biocontrol for Chironomidae.
Rights:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public