In this paper a model for the recovery of human and economic activities in a region, which underwent a serious disaster, is proposed. The model treats the case that the disaster region has an industrial collaboration with a non-disaster region in the production system and, especially, depends upon each other in technological development. The economic growth model is based on the classical theory of R. M. Solow (1956), and the full model is described as a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations.
Climate change and human activity are two linked factors that alter the spatiotemporal distribution of the available water. Assessing the relative contribution of the two factors on runoff changes can help the planners and managers to better formulate strategies and policies regarding regional water resources. In this work, using two typical sub-basins of the Yellow River as the study area, we first detected the trend and the breakpoint in the annual streamflow data with the Pettitt test during the period 1964–2011. Next, a Budyko-based climate elasticity model and a monthly hydrological model were employed as an integrated method to distinguish the relative contributions of climate change and human activities to the long-term changes in runoff. The results showed that a significant decline in the annual runoff occurred in the two sub-basins during the study period, and the abrupt change point in the annual runoff at the two subbasins both occurred in 1997. The conceptual hydrological model performed well in reproducing monthly runoff time series at the two sub-basins. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) between observed and simulated runoff during the validation period exceeds 0.83 for the two sub-basins. Climate elasticity method and hydrological model give consistent attribution results: human activities are the major drivers responsible for the decreased annual runoff in the Ten Great Gullies Basin. The relative contributions of climate change and human activities to the changes in the annual runoff were 22–32% and 68–78%, respectively.
The seven taxa of the cicada genus Tibicina (T.corsica corsica, T. corsica fairmairei, T. garricola, T. haematodes, T. nigronervosa, T. quadrisignata, T. tomentosa) which occur in continental France and Corsica were investigated. Extrinsic factors (geographical barriers) and factors intrinsic to the ecology of species were considered in an effort to understand the biogeography of Tibicina. Three patterns related to intrinsic factors were recognised: (1) pairs of taxa with sympatric distributions but with divergent habitat preferences; (2) pairs of taxa with sympatric distributions and similar habitat but with allochronic occurrence; (3) pairs of taxa with similar ecology but with allopatric distributions. When taxa were separated by their habitat, the height of vegetation appeared to be more important than the floristic composition of the habitat. These factors lead to the partitioning of resources in time and space. All taxa occur in secondary vegetations. Human agro-pastoral activity has probably influenced the dynamics of cicada populations and the maintenance of isolation between them.