In the early 1990s, the Polish city of Przemyśl became known for the tensions existing between Roman Catholic Poles and Greek Catholic Ukrainians. These tensions derived from the indivisible links between nationalism, religion, and politics in southeast Poland. This article analyses how they are tied up in political rituals. The first two rites analysed commemorate the sufferings during the war, and by politicising collective memory they strengthen the sense of mutual antagonism between religious-national groups. The author's key argument is that given the important role religious identification plays in the individual's relationship to the nation, religion is becoming a crucial factor in any form of political change. The author also presents an example of reconciliation and how it is applied to collective memory on the basis of a multinational tradition in a third political ritual. In this case two religious-national groups share a 'multicultural' heritage, derived from their understanding of sharing a common tradition, from the majority's acceptance of the minority, and from the religious experience of reconciliation. Political change in either direction, that is, whether amidst the mobilisation of differences or the promotion of tolerant co-existence, proceeds through rituals, symbolic gestures, and narratives, in which religion and religious experts occupy a dominant or at least secondary role, and this has an effect on how tolerant a society emerges in the region.
The paper examines theoretical discourses of ethnicity and has three main objectives: (1) to categorize and compare three academic approaches to-wards ethnicity, nation and nationalism, (2) to identify the core distinction between ethnic and national identity, and (3) to analyze the differences between approaches through activity and objectivity of ethnicity. The traditional distinction between primordialist and modernist/situationist approaches is enhanced by adding the ethicist approach to the interjacent boundary. There are three core lines of distinctions between these approaches. Firstly, it is, more or less, the dis-tinction between primordiality of ethnicity and modernity of nation, not primordiality and modernity itself, which divides the discussed approaches. Secondly, most academic theories, regardless of their background, interpret the ethnicity (nation) as situational rather than objective or subjective phenomenon. Lastly, it is the scale of activity of ethnicity (activity of individuals - components - systems) which differs among the theories.
Uvedená štúdia je rámcovaná z hľadiska miesta, času a predmetu. Zameriava sa na právnepostavenie židovského obyvateľstva v Nemecku po roku 1933 so zreteľom na právne postavenie Židov voverejnej službe, slobodných povolaniach a robotníckych zamestnaniach. Štúdia pozostáva z troch častí.Prvá časť sa zameriava na ideologické postuláty, z ktorých vychádzalo nemecké protižidovské zákonodarstvo,teda predovšetkým na národ, rasu a rasový antisemitizmus. Druhá časť sa venuje diskriminačnej legislatíve v rokoch 1933–1935 so zreteľom na zákon o obnove profesionálnej štátnej služby zo 7. apríla 1933a zákon o pripustení k advokátskej činnosti. Tretia kapitola je zameraná na vznik partikulárnej právnej úpravy voči židovským štátnym príslušníkom.Dôraz sa tu kladie primárne na zákon o ríšskom občianstvea jeho vykonávacie predpisy a sekundárne aj na tzv. norimberské zákony v širšom slova zmysle. Osobitná pozornosť je v príspevku venovaná aj ustanoveniam o výnimkách z protižidovskej legislatívy. Záver prácepredstavuje určité zovšeobecnenie nemeckej protižidovskej legislatívy, vyvodenie konkrétnych vlastnostítejto legislatívy najmä vo vzťahu k protižidovskej legislatíve niektorých európskych krajín v období2. svetovej vojny. and This paper focuses on the legal status of Jews in Germany after 1933 with regard to their legal status in civil service, liberal professions and other workers’employment. The paper consist of three parts. The first part focuses on the ideological basis of the German anti-jewish legislation, mainly on the nation, race and racial antisemitism. The second part concentrate on discriminatory legislation in the years 1933–1935 with regard to The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service and to The Law for Admission as a Professional Lawyer. The third and last chapter focuses on the creation of a particular legislation against Jewish as a nationals. Emphasis is primarily layed on Reich Citizenship Law and its directives and secondary on Nuremberg Laws in a broader sense. Special attention is paid to the provisions on exemptions from anti-Jewish legislation. In the summary
of the paper we focuses on the generalization of the German anti-Jewish legislation in particular in relation to anti-Jewish legislation in some European countries during World War 2.