This study in Lithuania showed that the abundance dynamics of the common dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) populations were comparatively “smooth”, without outbreaks and crashes. Decreases and increases of abundance continued for some years, and abundance differed no more than three-fold in two successive years. A close negative correlation was revealed between spring population density and percentage of juveniles in the autumnal population. The last parameter is a consequence of reproduction success, which determined the scale of population increase in autumn and was due to several factors. Among them, proportion of breeding adult females had the greatest significance and was inversely proportional to population density in spring. Some young-of-the-year females usually joined the breeding process, when population density was low. The proportion of late breeding cases, when juveniles were born in September, was also negatively correlated with spring population density. The number of litters produced by one female during the season, and the average litter size also influenced reproduction success. The negative correlation between population density and reproduction success shows the presence of a reproduction success based pattern of density dependent self-regulation in M. avellanarius in the populations investigated.
Ako emócie ovplyvňujú rozhodovanie, je dôležitou otázkou, pretože (nielen) pri najdôležitejších rozhodnutiach v živote sú emócie prítomné. Doterajší výskum sa zameriaval skôr na rolu negatívnych emócií, preto je cieľom článku zvýrazniť rolu, ktorú zohrávajú pri rozhodovaní pozitívne emócie z hľadiska ich situačných vplyvov, ako aj určitých dispozičných charakteristík osobnosti, ako sú kognitívny štýl či schopnosť regulovať emócie, pretože ľudia, ktorí dokážu svoje emócie regulovať žiaducim spôsobom, sú vo výhode. Prvá časť štúdie sa venuje vzťahu medzi emóciami a kognitívnymi procesmi a špecifickému vplyvu pozitívnych emócií na rozhodovanie. V druhej časti je predstavených niekoľko možností interakcie pozitívnych emócií a osobnosti a možné dopady na rozhodovanie. Na záver sú sumarizované zistenia, ktoré naznačujú, že využívanie emócií ako informácie pre rozhodnutia prináša skôr pozitívne dôsledky pre život človeka., How emotions influence decision making is an important question because emotions are present not only in the most important decisions in the life. The previous research concentrated rather on the role of negative emotions and that is why the goal of the paper is to counterpoint the role played by positive emotions in decision making from the position of its situational influences as well as particular dispositional personality characteristics like cognitive style or ability to regulate emotions because people who are able to regulate their emotions in the desirable way have an advantage. The first part of the study is devoted to the relation between emotions and cognitive processes and the specific influence of positive emotions on decision making. In the second part, several alternatives of interaction of positive emotions and personality and possible impacts on decision making are presented. In the conclusion, the findings indicating that making use of emotions as information for decision making brings rather positive consequences for human life are summarized., Vladimíra Čavojová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Tématem příspěvku jsou předběžné výsledky české části česko-francouzsko-kanadského výzkumu. Z důvodu rozsahu výzkumu byly v této studii představeny pouze výsledky dětí z 1. a 2. tříd. Výzkum je zaměřen na domácí přípravu na školu. Mezi sledovaná hlediska lze zařadit postoje dětí k domácí přípravě na školu, vnímanou úspěšnost školáků, jejich míru autoregulace a také dětmi vnímanou pomoc při domácí přípravě ze strany rodiče. Předmětem výzkumu také bylo, jak se ve zkoumaných proměnných liší chlapci a dívky. Pro lepší porozumění vztahů mezi proměnnými byla provedena regresní analýza, která ukázala, že rozdíly v tom, do jaké míry se dítě cítí úspěšné ve škole, jsou určovány hlavně tím, jaké behaviorální strategie si dítě v souvislosti s domácími úkoly (DÚ) v prvních letech školní docházky osvojuje. Dále bylo zjištěno, že rozdíly v autoregulaci dítěte jsou určovány hlavně tím, jak se dítě v souvislosti s DÚ cítí, a dále vnímaným úspěchem dítěte., The paper deals with preliminary results of Czech part of Czech-French-Canadian research. In this study, only results of children from the first and second grades are presented. The research is focusing on the home preparation for the school. The children,s attitudes to home preparation for the school, pupils, perceived self-efficacy, self-regulation rate, and also the perceived help from the parent during the home preparation are followed-up. The authors were also interested in differences in assessed variables between boys and girls. In order to understand better the relations among the variables the regression analyses was carried out. It showed that the differences in children,s feeling to be successful in school are determined mostly by the behavioral strategies for carrying out the homework adopted by children during the first two years of school attendance. Further it was found that the differences in children self-regulation are determined mainly by the children,s feeling about the homework, and by children,s perceived self-efficacy., Lenka Šulová, Michaela Škrábová., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Tento teoretický príspevok v úvode poukazuje na potrebu štúdia depresie kvôli nárastu jej výskytu a vplyvu na život. Následne popisuje príčiny jej vzniku prostredníctvom tradičných škôl a tiež poukazuje, ako by bolo možné obohatiť bežné a tradičné vnímanie príčin depresívnej poruchy o pohľad, ktorý aplikuje myšlienky evolučnej psychológie do oblasti sebaregulácie. Takto je možné vnímať depresiu ako evolučnú výhodu, ktorá rozširuje možnosti adaptácie, a tak zvyšuje kvalitu života. Z vedeckého pohľadu tento pohľad môže viesť k hlbšiemu a komplexnejšiemu pochopeniu depresie ako poruchy. Na základe týchto poznatkov diskutujeme, ako by bolo možné použiť tieto poznatky na teoretickej a praktickej úrovni. and This theoretical article first highlights the need for the study of depression, due its increasing occurrence and impact on life. Then it describes its causes through traditional paradigms and also shows the possibility to enrich the traditional perceptions of the causes of major depressive disorder with the insight applying ideas of evolutionary psychology into the area of self-regulation. Thus it is possible to perceive depression as evolutionary advantage that extends the capabilities of adaptation and therefore improves the quality of life. From a scientific perspective, this view can lead to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of depression as a disorder. Based on these findings practical and theoretical implementation is discussed.