Evidence from isozyme electrophoresis confirmed previous hypothesis on the occurrence of interspecific hybridization between Potamogeton natans L. and P. lucens L. formulated on the basis of morphology and stem anatomy. Isozyme phenotypes of the morphologically intermediate plants were compared with those obtained from the putative parents growing in the same locality. P. natans and P. lucens differed consistently in at least 12 loci and possessed different alleles at 7 loci. The hybrid had no unique alleles and exhibited an additive “hybrid” isozyme pattern for all 7 loci that could be reliably analysed and where the parents displayed different enzyme patterns. Both true parental genotypes were detected among samples of plants of P. lucens and P. natans from the same locality. The hybrid plants represent a recent F1 hybrid generation resulting from a single hybridization event. Consistent differences in enzyme activity between submerged and floating leaves of P. natans and P. ×fluitans were observed in all interpretable enzyme systems.
The Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 (PDT 2.0) contains a large amount of Czech texts with complex and interlinked morphological (two million words), syntactic (1.5 MW) and complex semantic annotation (0.8 MW); in addition, certain properties of sentence information structure and coreference relations are annotated at the semantic level.
PDT 2.0 is based on the long-standing Praguian linguistic tradition, adapted for the current Computational Linguistics research needs. The corpus itself uses the latest annotation technology. Software tools for corpus search, annotation and language analysis are included. Extensive documentation (in English) is provided as well. and 1ET101120413 (Data a nástroje pro informační systémy) MSM 0021620838 (Moderní metody, struktury a systémy informatiky) 1ET101120503 (Integrace jazykových zdrojů za účelem extrakce informací z přirozených textů) 1P05ME752 (Vícejazyčný valenční a predikátový slovník přirozeného jazyka) LC536 (Centrum komputační lingvistiky)
A small subset of PDT 2.0 made available under a permissive license.
Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 (PDT 2.0) contains a large amount of Czech texts with complex and interlinked morphological (2 million words), syntactic (1.5 MW) and complex semantic annotation (0.8 MW); in addition, certain properties of sentence information structure and coreference relations are annotated at the semantic level.
PDT 2.0 is based on the long-standing Praguian linguistic tradition, adapted for the current Computational Linguistics research needs. The corpus itself uses the latest annotation technology. Software tools for corpus search, annotation and language analysis are included. Extensive documentation (in English) is provided as well. and * Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic projects No. VS96151, LN00A063, 1P05ME752, MSM0021620838 and LC536,
* Grant Agency of the Czech Republic grants Nos. 405/96/0198, 405/96/K214 and 405/03/0913,
* research funds of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics,
* Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,
* Grant Agency of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic projects No. 1ET101120503, 1ET101120413, and 1ET201120505
* Grant Agency of the Charles University No. 489/04, 350/05, 352/05 and 375/05
* the U.S. NSF Grant #IIS9732388.
The Prague Dependency Treebank 2.5 annotates the same texts as the PDT 2.0. The annotation on the original four layers was fixed or improved in various aspects (see Documentation). Moreover, new information was added to the data:
Annotation of multiword expressions
Pair/group meaning
Clause segmentation and Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic projects No.:
LM2010013
LC536
MSM0021620838
Grant Agency of the Czech Republic grants No.:
P406/2010/0875
P202/10/1333
P406/10/P193
PDT 3.0 is a new version of Prague Dependency Treebank. It contains a large amount of Czech texts with complex and interlinked morphological (2 million words), syntactic (1.5 MW) and semantic annotation (0.8 MW); in addition, certain properties of sentence information structure, multiword expressions, coreference, bridging relations and discourse relations are annotated at the semantic level. and the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic: grants P406/12/0658 "Coreference, discourse relations and information structure in a contrastive perspective", P406/2010/0875 "Computational Linguistics: Explicit description of language and annotated data focused on Czech", 405/09/0729 "From the structure of a sentence to textual relationships", and GPP406/12/P175 (Selected derivational relations for automatic processing of Czech);
the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic: the KONTAKT project ME10018 "Towards a computational analysis of text structure" and the LINDAT-Clarin project LM2010013;
the Grant Agency of Charles University in Prague: GAUK 103609 "Textual (Inter-sentential) Relations and their Representation in a Language Corpus" and GAUK 4383/2009 "Methods of coreference resolution".
The Prague Dependency Treebank 3.5 is the 2018 edition of the core Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT). It contains all PDT annotation made at the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics under various projects between 1996 and 2018 on the original texts, i.e., all annotation from PDT 1.0, PDT 2.0, PDT 2.5, PDT 3.0, PDiT 1.0 and PDiT 2.0, plus corrections, new structure of basic documentation and new list of authors covering all previous editions. The Prague Dependency Treebank 3.5 (PDT 3.5) contains the same texts as the previous versions since 2.0; there are 49,431 annotated sentences (832,823 words) on all layers, from tectogrammatical annotation to syntax to morphology. There are additional annotated sentences for syntax and morphology; the totals for the lower layers of annotation are: 87,913 sentences with 1,502,976 words at the analytical layer (surface dependency syntax) and 115,844 sentences with 1,956,693 words at the morphological layer of annotation (these totals include the annotation with the higher layers annotated as well). Closely linked to the tectogrammatical layer is the annotation of sentence information structure, multiword expressions, coreference, bridging relations and discourse relations.
A long-standing problem with the taxonomic status and synonymy of the names Taraxacum nigricans (Kit.) Reichenb. and T. alpestre (Tausch) DC. is resolved. These two names, the oldest ones referable to high mountain dandelions in Central Europe, are typified, and a detailed comparison of these species’ morphology, genotype make-up, karyotypes and distribution is provided, together with a discussion of other cases of similar and probably closely related agamospermous taxa of Taraxacum and Hieracium. Taraxacum nigricans (2n = 32) and T. alpestre (2n = 32) are endemic to the Nízke Tatry Mts, Slovakia, and the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts, Czech Republic/ Poland, respectively. These are shown to differ in a series of minor but constant morphological, allozyme and karyotype features, and their treatment as separate agamospermous species is supported. A detailed analysis of cultivated and wild material from the Carpathians revealed the existence of a sexual taxon very close to the above two species and endemic to the region of the Bucegi Mts, Romania. It is described as a new species, T. carpaticum Štěpánek et Kirschner. Two new agamospermous species, apparently allied to T. nigricans, are described: T. rupicaprae Štěpánek et Kirschner, a species characterized by orange-ochraceous achenes and confined to the High Tatra Mts, and T. elegantissimum Štěpánek et Kirschner (2n = 24), which has substantially broader outer bracts and is known from the Rodna, Retezat and Fagaras Mts, Romania. Another three species are described that are morphological similar to T. carpaticum: T. pastorum (the Fagaras Mts, Romania), T. iucundum (the Retezat Mts, Romania) and T. pseudoalpestre (the Fagaras Mts, Romania).
We cannot definitely determine precise boundaries of application of vague terms like ''tall''. Since it is only a height of a person that determines whether that person is tall or not, we can count ''tall'' as an example of a linear vague term. That means that all objects in a range of significance of ''tall'' can be linearly ordered. Linear vague terms can be used to formulate three basic versions of the sorites paradox – the conditional sorites, the mathematical induction sorites, and the line-drawing sorites. In this paper I would like to explore a possibility of formulating sorites paradoxes with so called multi-dimensional and combinatory vague terms – terms for which it is impossible to create a linear ordering of all objects in their range of significance. Therefore, I will show which adjustments must be made and which simplifications we must accede to in order to formulate any version of the sorites paradox with multi-dimensional or combinatory vague terms. I will also show that only the conditional version of the sorites paradox can be construed with all three kinds of vague terms., Nemůžeme rozhodně určit přesné hranice aplikace neurčitých termínů jako ,,vysoký''. Jelikož je to pouze výška osoby, která určuje, zda je tato osoba vysoká nebo ne, můžeme jako příklad lineárního neurčitého termínu počítat ,,vysoký''. To znamená, že všechny objekty v rozsahu významu ,,vysokého'' mohou být lineárně uspořádány. Lineární neurčité termíny mohou být použity pro formulaci tří základních verzí paradoxů soritů - podmíněných soritů, matematických indukčních soritů a soritů pro kreslení čar. V této práci bych chtěl prozkoumat možnost formulování paradoxů soritů s takzvanými vícerozměrnými a kombinatorickými neurčitými termíny - termíny, pro které není možné vytvořit lineární uspořádání všech objektů v rozsahu jejich významu. Proto, Ukážu, jaké úpravy je třeba provést a jaká zjednodušení musíme přistoupit, abychom mohli formulovat jakoukoli verzi paradoxů soritů s vícerozměrnými nebo kombinatorickými neurčitými termíny. Ukážu také, že pouze podmíněnou verzi paradoxu soritů lze chápat se všemi třemi druhy neurčitých termínů., and Jan Štěpánek
Two new species, Taraxacum maricum and Taraxacum cristatum, of the section Erythrosperma from Central Europe are described in this paper. These species are similar to western European taxa, T. maricum to T. proximum, and T. cristatum is morphologically close to T. scanicum. Both new taxa are triploid apomictic microspecies. Specific characteristics, information on distribution and ecology and comparison with similar species are presented. Pictures and distribution maps of the new species are also included.