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32. Taraxacum nigricans, T. alpestre and allies in the Taraxacum sect. Alpestria: taxonomy, geography and conservation status
- Creator:
- Štěpánek, Jan, Kirschner, Jan, Jarolímová, Vlasta, and Kirschnerová, Lída
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- taxonomy, Asteraceae, Crepidinae, Taraxacum, agamospermy, sexual reproduction, typification, geographical parthenogenesis, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, and Romania
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- A long-standing problem with the taxonomic status and synonymy of the names Taraxacum nigricans (Kit.) Reichenb. and T. alpestre (Tausch) DC. is resolved. These two names, the oldest ones referable to high mountain dandelions in Central Europe, are typified, and a detailed comparison of these species’ morphology, genotype make-up, karyotypes and distribution is provided, together with a discussion of other cases of similar and probably closely related agamospermous taxa of Taraxacum and Hieracium. Taraxacum nigricans (2n = 32) and T. alpestre (2n = 32) are endemic to the Nízke Tatry Mts, Slovakia, and the Krkonoše/Karkonosze Mts, Czech Republic/ Poland, respectively. These are shown to differ in a series of minor but constant morphological, allozyme and karyotype features, and their treatment as separate agamospermous species is supported. A detailed analysis of cultivated and wild material from the Carpathians revealed the existence of a sexual taxon very close to the above two species and endemic to the region of the Bucegi Mts, Romania. It is described as a new species, T. carpaticum Štěpánek et Kirschner. Two new agamospermous species, apparently allied to T. nigricans, are described: T. rupicaprae Štěpánek et Kirschner, a species characterized by orange-ochraceous achenes and confined to the High Tatra Mts, and T. elegantissimum Štěpánek et Kirschner (2n = 24), which has substantially broader outer bracts and is known from the Rodna, Retezat and Fagaras Mts, Romania. Another three species are described that are morphological similar to T. carpaticum: T. pastorum (the Fagaras Mts, Romania), T. iucundum (the Retezat Mts, Romania) and T. pseudoalpestre (the Fagaras Mts, Romania).
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
33. The impact of using multi-dimensional and combinatory vague terms on the possibility of formulating sorites paradoxes
- Creator:
- Štěpánek, Jan
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- combinatory vagueness, linear vagueness, multi-dimensional vagueness, paradox, paradox of the heap, sorites, and vagueness
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- We cannot definitely determine precise boundaries of application of vague terms like ''tall''. Since it is only a height of a person that determines whether that person is tall or not, we can count ''tall'' as an example of a linear vague term. That means that all objects in a range of significance of ''tall'' can be linearly ordered. Linear vague terms can be used to formulate three basic versions of the sorites paradox – the conditional sorites, the mathematical induction sorites, and the line-drawing sorites. In this paper I would like to explore a possibility of formulating sorites paradoxes with so called multi-dimensional and combinatory vague terms – terms for which it is impossible to create a linear ordering of all objects in their range of significance. Therefore, I will show which adjustments must be made and which simplifications we must accede to in order to formulate any version of the sorites paradox with multi-dimensional or combinatory vague terms. I will also show that only the conditional version of the sorites paradox can be construed with all three kinds of vague terms., Nemůžeme rozhodně určit přesné hranice aplikace neurčitých termínů jako ,,vysoký''. Jelikož je to pouze výška osoby, která určuje, zda je tato osoba vysoká nebo ne, můžeme jako příklad lineárního neurčitého termínu počítat ,,vysoký''. To znamená, že všechny objekty v rozsahu významu ,,vysokého'' mohou být lineárně uspořádány. Lineární neurčité termíny mohou být použity pro formulaci tří základních verzí paradoxů soritů - podmíněných soritů, matematických indukčních soritů a soritů pro kreslení čar. V této práci bych chtěl prozkoumat možnost formulování paradoxů soritů s takzvanými vícerozměrnými a kombinatorickými neurčitými termíny - termíny, pro které není možné vytvořit lineární uspořádání všech objektů v rozsahu jejich významu. Proto, Ukážu, jaké úpravy je třeba provést a jaká zjednodušení musíme přistoupit, abychom mohli formulovat jakoukoli verzi paradoxů soritů s vícerozměrnými nebo kombinatorickými neurčitými termíny. Ukážu také, že pouze podmíněnou verzi paradoxu soritů lze chápat se všemi třemi druhy neurčitých termínů., and Jan Štěpánek
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
34. Two new apomitic Taraxacum microspecies of the section Erythrosperma from Central Europe
- Creator:
- Vašut, Radim J., Štěpánek, Jan, and Kirschner, Jan
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Central Europe, chromosome number, geographical distribution, new species, Taraxacum sect. Erythrosperma, and taxonomy
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Two new species, Taraxacum maricum and Taraxacum cristatum, of the section Erythrosperma from Central Europe are described in this paper. These species are similar to western European taxa, T. maricum to T. proximum, and T. cristatum is morphologically close to T. scanicum. Both new taxa are triploid apomictic microspecies. Specific characteristics, information on distribution and ecology and comparison with similar species are presented. Pictures and distribution maps of the new species are also included.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/
35. Universal Dependencies 1.2
- Creator:
- Nivre, Joakim, Agić, Željko, Aranzabe, Maria Jesus, Asahara, Masayuki, Atutxa, Aitziber, Ballesteros, Miguel, Bauer, John, Bengoetxea, Kepa, Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad, Bosco, Cristina, Bowman, Sam, Celano, Giuseppe G. A., Connor, Miriam, de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine, Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza, Dobrovoljc, Kaja, Dozat, Timothy, Erjavec, Tomaž, Farkas, Richárd, Foster, Jennifer, Galbraith, Daniel, Ginter, Filip, Goenaga, Iakes, Gojenola, Koldo, Goldberg, Yoav, Gonzales, Berta, Guillaume, Bruno, Hajič, Jan, Haug, Dag, Ion, Radu, Irimia, Elena, Johannsen, Anders, Kanayama, Hiroshi, Kanerva, Jenna, Krek, Simon, Laippala, Veronika, Lenci, Alessandro, Ljubešić, Nikola, Lynn, Teresa, Manning, Christopher, Mărănduc, Cătălina, Mareček, David, Martínez Alonso, Héctor, Mašek, Jan, Matsumoto, Yuji, McDonald, Ryan, Missilä, Anna, Mititelu, Verginica, Miyao, Yusuke, Montemagni, Simonetta, Mori, Shunsuke, Nurmi, Hanna, Osenova, Petya, Øvrelid, Lilja, Pascual, Elena, Passarotti, Marco, Perez, Cenel-Augusto, Petrov, Slav, Piitulainen, Jussi, Plank, Barbara, Popel, Martin, Prokopidis, Prokopis, Pyysalo, Sampo, Ramasamy, Loganathan, Rosa, Rudolf, Saleh, Shadi, Schuster, Sebastian, Seeker, Wolfgang, Seraji, Mojgan, Silveira, Natalia, Simi, Maria, Simionescu, Radu, Simkó, Katalin, Simov, Kiril, Smith, Aaron, Štěpánek, Jan, Suhr, Alane, Szántó, Zsolt, Tanaka, Takaaki, Tsarfaty, Reut, Uematsu, Sumire, Uria, Larraitz, Varga, Viktor, Vincze, Veronika, Žabokrtský, Zdeněk, Zeman, Daniel, and Zhu, Hanzhi
- Publisher:
- Universal Dependencies Consortium
- Type:
- text and corpus
- Subject:
- treebank, dependency, syntax, morphology, harmonized annotation, interset, universal tagset, and stanford dependencies
- Language:
- Ancient Greek (to 1453), Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Gothic, Modern Greek (1453-), Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Norwegian, Church Slavic, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, and Tamil
- Description:
- Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective. The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008).
- Rights:
- Licence Universal Dependencies v1.2, https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/repository/xmlui/page/licence-UD-1.2, and PUB
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