This paper is dealing with a detection of ground water flow in a granite massif. The flow was studied between boreholes of a testing polygon situated in a granite quarry. So called cross-hole (C-H) tests were used to detect fracture based connection between the boreholes. The tests were proceeded in steady-state ground water flow conditions. There were TV cameras used to detect a uranine tracer. The cameras were equipped by an orange filter and well defined blue light. A geometrical model of the fracture system in the area of interest was proposed according to C-H tests data. A hydrogeological model was calibrated using the very same data. Results pointed out subhorizontal fracture connection between the boreholes. Main advantages of the TV camera usage are possibil ities of accurate localization onto a structure, an immediate detection of tracer onset time and a continual data record., Karel Sosna, Milan Brož, Michal Vaněček and Michal Polák., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
This paper deals with the nature and function of the fundamental components of human experience, expecially due to the philosophy of Nelson Goodman. In the introduction the Rusell's position is being presented. This position is important for Goodman himself as well as for any subsequent consideration of this topic. Shortcomings resulting from Russell's foundationalism lead Goodman to a proposal, which on the one hand, attempts to settle critically against foundationalism, but on the other hand, faces the same difficulties that Russell had to deal with. The way Goodman was struggling with these problems shows that our experience of the world consists of some elementary entities as well (Goodman cells them qualia). Their incorrigibility and immediate availability can lead us to the very anti-Goodmanian intuition: to the basis of our experience which, in some way, strongly reminds us of positivistic das Gegebene, i. e. immediately observable content. In addition, Goodman's sense for detail at the level of formalization of the relationship between qualia helps to better understand the basis of phenomenal experience and indicates the differences between phenomenalism and foundationalism.
The origin, development and strengthening of our identity - that is our Self - is an important part of human life. Stability and variability of such Self are both aspects necessary to preserve the integrity and status of a person as psychological and social being. The mastering of our own Self is related to some interesting phenomena, discussed by current philosophy of mind and cognitive science. These research strategies deal with issues such as naturalization of Self (Dennett, Strawson), building up a theory of mind (Baron-Cohen) and the disconnective syndrome and its interpretation (Gazzaniga) among many others. This article reflects our current understanding of the Self, and takes into account some philosophical approaches, as well as some knowledge of modern cognitive science to show how the Self as a natural phenomenon can be understood. In its conclusion two conceptual levels of the Self are introduced: primitive Self and conceptual Self. These terms are intended to be the basis for the study of the Self as a natural phenomenon. and Michal Polák
Bílé Karpaty Mts harbour some of the most species-rich managed grasslands in Europe, which contain a number of rare and disjunctly distributed species. Besides specific local environmental factors, the long Holocene history may explain the uniqueness of these grasslands. However, historical interpretations of the palaeoecological evidence from the region are far from unequivocal. While palaeomalacological data indicate persistence of open habitats throughout the entire Holocene, fragmentary pollen data support the hypothesis of a medieval origin of the grasslands. This paper reviews the available phytogeographical, archaeological and palaeoecological knowledge that provides indirect evidence for a prehistoric origin of the grasslands in the Bílé Karpaty Mts. High concentration of rare heliophilous species with a disjunct distribution in the south-western part of the Bílé Karpaty Mts suggest their long-term persistence. The archaeological findings provide evidence for the existence of prehistoric human settlement in this region since the Neolithic (Middle Holocene). Direct evidence for the existence of open human-influenced habitats before medieval times, based on the results of a multi-proxy analysis (macrofossils, molluscs and pollen) of an organic sediment dated back to Roman Age, is also provided. The results indicate the existence of an ancient cultural landscape with a mosaic of open grasslands, natural forests and fields. It is concluded that the evidence presented in this paper supports the hypothesis of prehistoric, rather than a medieval origin of the species-rich grasslands in the Bílé Karpaty Mts.
The topic of this essay is an analysis of perceptual experience based on the effort to define its primitive component. Sensations as discussed in the article are considered to be elementary units of the perceptual experience. Although Russell’s concept of sense-data seems to be highly problematic, it provides rich material for analysis of direct perceptual experience. By looking behind Russell’s metaphysically burdened understanding of sense-data as an objective basis of perceptual experience, we can get more plausible picture of the immediate perceptual experience. Lively debate on direct perceptual experience as a source of knowledge raises the question of how far can be analyzed the experience itself. This paper tries to define the primitive component of subjective perceptual experience that is made up of sensations and the act of sensation exclusively. These sensations are units being closest to the real world. They are nonconceptual, experiential, immediately accessible and uncorrectable.