Zahájení činnosti České akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění v květnu 1891 znamenalo pro tehdejší českou společnost symbolické dovršení procesu formování moderního národa. Češi po zhruba století budování vlastní literatury, divadla, historiografie atd. dosáhli v následujícím krátkém sledu nejen založení univerzity s češtinou jako vyučovacím jazykem (1882), nýbrž zřízením akademie položili též základy pro rozvoj moderní neuniverzitní vědy. Rozhodující zásluhu si v tomto směru zjednal podnikatel a mecenáš Josef Hlávka. and The establishment of the Emperor Franz Joseph’s Czech Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts in May 1891 symbolically crowned the process whereby the modern Czech nation was formed (the Czechs had been developing their literature, theatre, historiography, etc.). The establishment of the Academy laid the foundations for the development of modern Czech science outside universities. Josef Hlávka, the Czech entrepreneur, philanthropist and patron of sciences, sometimes called the Czech Alfred Nobel, most substantially contributed to these efforts.
The article deals with the theoretical discussions of the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century taking place within the Czech society and among its political leaders on introuduction of the universal suffrage and on the appropriate level of its equality and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
On the concrete example of Jan Krčmář (professor at the Law Faculty of the Czech University), the present article describes the changing views and attitudes of Czech intellectual elites in the last years of World War I and during the disintegration of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. The shapping of Krčmář's attitudes is all the more interesting as he belonged to a rather narrow group within the Czech elite, which before 1914 strongly supported the Monarchy. In the personality of Krčmář, we observe not only his internal individual motives leading to a change in his former loyal or neutral views and attitudes towards the disappearing Monarchy, but also the influence of the discipline imposed by the majority of the Czech elite, which in 1917-1918 clearly identified itself with the idea of a new Czechoslovak state. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou