By a detailed analysis of decoration and collation of this manuscript it was found out that three principal masters participated in its decoration. The top quality of the decoration can be found in the work of the first master continuing the Byzantine, Venetian, and Saxon-Thuringian creation. The second master uses the first master´s work. The work of the third master is quite different as it is connected with original Bohemian production – with the Mater verborum manuscript. This different quality of illuminations allows to suppose that the codex originated in a scriptorium acting somewhere in Bohemia and employing a number of artists and their helpmates.
By a detailed analysis of decoration and collation of this manuscript it was found out that three principal masters participated in its decoration. The top quality of the decoration can be found in the work of the first master continuing the Byzantine, Venetian, and Saxon-Thuringian creation. The second master uses the first master´s work. The work of the third master is quite different as it is connected with original Bohemian production – with the Mater verborum manuscript. This different quality of illuminations allows to suppose that the codex originated in a scriptorium acting somewhere in Bohemia and employing a number of artists and their helpmates.
On the basis of the formal and iconographical analysis, after evaluation of the existing literature and taking in consideration hypothetical cultural historical circumstances of the creation of the manuscript, the author of the paper suggests to consider the manuscript a Bolognese school product – from the style group dating to the turning of 1320s and 1330s (in connection with Master from 1328 and his circle and with ties to painters active before Vitale da Bologna, as a point of departure for further development in Val Padana and in Veneto) and supposes that the cardinal Bertrand du Pojet might be a receiver of the manuscript. Dating is shift ed between 1331–1333 on the basis of the research results and on connections with the historical activities of the Luxembourg dynasty members in Italy in that time.
On the basis of the formal and iconographical analysis, after evaluation of the existing literature and taking in consideration hypothetical cultural historical circumstances of the creation of the manuscript, the author of the paper suggests to consider the manuscript a Bolognese school product – from the style group dating to the turning of 1320s and 1330s (in connection with Master from 1328 and his circle and with ties to painters active before Vitale da Bologna, as a point of departure for further development in Val Padana and in Veneto) and supposes that the cardinal Bertrand du Pojet might be a receiver of the manuscript. Dating is shift ed between 1331–1333 on the basis of the research results and on connections with the historical activities of the Luxembourg dynasty members in Italy in that time.
Faecal samples from 162 wild animals were collected from 32 distinct sites of Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lakeland (eastern Poland). The presence of Giardia duodenalis (Stiles, 1902) was assessed by a Direct Fluorescence Assay (DFA) and by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing of a fragment of the beta-giardin gene. DFA showed the presence of cysts of G. duodenalis in 12 of 162 faecal samples (7%), namely in four wild boars (15%), four foxes (19%), two roe deer (4%), and two wolves (29%). PCR identified 34 of the 162 (21%) samples as positive, including 11 wild boars (41%), five red deer (18%), 11 roe deer (23%), four moose (17%), two wolves (29%) and a single sample from the European badger. Thus, PCR detected a significantly higher number of infection than DFA (P = 0.0005). However, 14 of 34 PCR products could not be sequenced because of their insufficient amount; the low number of cysts, poor conservation of the faeces or presence of PCR inhibitors may have contributed to weak DNA amplification. Sequence analysis of the remaining 20 products showed the presence of assemblage B in wild boars, red deer and roe deer, whereas samples from wolves were identified as assemblage D. This is the first detection of assemblage B in wild boars and deer. As assemblage B has zoonotic potential, wild animals from eastern Poland may act as reservoirs of cysts of G. duodenalis infectious for humans., Krzysztof Stojecki, Jacek Sroka, Simone M. Cacciò, Tomasz Cencek, Jacek Dutkiewicz, Paweł Kusyk., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Václav Koranda the Younger (1422-1516) was a traditional Utraquist, who carried on the thinking and the struggle of the Rokycana era whereby the Church offered communion under both kinds. He never moved outside the world of ideas derived from his university education, but at the same time he was strongly influenced by the growing Hussite tradition, seeing the focus of the truth revealed by Christ in the chalice and in other peculiarities of the Utraquist church. The finding of the Krnov Bible moves our knowledge of Koranda's conception of Scripture and of his then common knowledge of biblical exegesis and work with traditional aids for interpreting the Bible. This enables us to conceive Koranda's work with Holy Scripture and his understanding of the Bible as a whole through the interpretational key of "the eternal truth of Jesus Christ".
Sociology and sociological theory have been effective in analyzing societal and institutional conflict and violence, but less so in analyzing the specifics of interpersonal violence. This article examines the sociological significance of domestic violence. This relationship, or sometimes its neglect, is underlain by several tensions and paradoxes, which in turn have broader implications for sociology, sociological theory and social theory. These matters are examined through: the possible paradox of violence and intimacy in the phenomenon of domestic violence; the importance of the naming and framing of such violence; explanation, responsibility and agency; and gender, hegemony and discourse in men’s violence to known women, as part of a multi-faceted power approach.
Based on qualitative research of women that cared in the past or care now for their frail elderly mothers, this article aims to describe and explain some of the factors leading to the predominance of women in informal care for the elderly. The article builds on Sandra Harding’s and Joan W. Scott’s concept of gender. Their concept defines gender as a category operating at multiple interconnected levels. Based on the analysis of interviews with biographical components, we show the impact of cultural and structural factors on women’s decisions to take care, and how these factors are gender structured. Among cultural factors we focus on the process of socialization; we analyse the effect of gender norms of care and the issue of cultural taboos in intimate care. Among structural factors we focus on paid work, the gender division of labour in the family and non/availability of formal care services. On the basis of caregivers’ stories we show how these factors coherently and simultaneously strengthen the connection between women and providing hands-on care. We also identify emerging disruptions in this gender-conservative model of informal care.
Th e author of this article speaks on the topic canon procedural law in Prague at the turn of 14th and 15th century. Th ere is tractate Processus iudiciarius secundum stilum Pragensem written by general vicar of Prague archbishop Nicolaus Puchnik in the 2nd half of the 80´s of 14th century. Th e main purpose of the article is paleographical, codicological and contentual analysis of all preserved manuscripts (13 pieces) of Processus and make fi liation diagram. High concern is focused on diff erences in personal and geographical names in manuscripts which are very important for providing origin and fi liation analysis. All these names and dates are highlited because the author considers them to be very important for provenance fi xing. Th ere are presented two fi liation diagrams. Th e article is attached by chart with chronological order of all manuscripts.