In 1422-1423 a trial between the Teutonic Order and the Polish Kingdom took place in the presence of the pope´s envoy Zeno. Around 120 witnesses brought by the Polish side confirmed Poland´s rights to the disputed lands (including Pomerania). The author studies witnesses´ claims regarding the early history of Poland, namely its origins and the first decades of the existence of the kingdom. Witnesses recounted the establishment of the kingdom in AD 1000, during the meeting between the Emperor Otto III and Bolesław I Chrobry. They talked about the introduction of a special payment for the pope, the so-called denarius sancti Petri, usually associated with the activity of Kazimierz I, but also about the loss of the royal crown by Polish rulers, usually explained as a punishment for the murder of the bishop of Cracow Stanislaus by the King Bolesław II. According to the author, the witnesses´ knowledge about the beginnings of Poland was rather extensive, although it was very inaccurate. It was superficial, vague, imprecise, or simply false. It seems that the majority of the inhabitants of the Polish Kingdom, including its political and intellectual elites, were only familiar with a few historical characters and events. and Piotr Węcowski.
E-government becomes an important element of the emerging e-societies. There is a great diversity of strategies, policies and results related to its introduction. Educational and cultural conditions and possibilities are vital because they generate - or not - interests in ICTs and their various applications. So capacity building for e-government is a coplex porcess, not limited to introduciton of technological and organizational actions. Moreover e-government is costly and will require soon not only social but also econimic evaluation. These issues are explored in an illustrative case study of e-services in Poland. and Lech W. Zacher, Tomasz Białobłocki
The aim of the present work was to determine whether Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabricius), tick species common in eastern Poland could be infected with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908). A total of 664 unfed D. reticulatus ticks were collected from six localities of Lublin province (eastern Poland) within the framework of study for the presence of bacterial, viral and parasitological infections, with use of PCR and confirmed by sequencing analysis. The prevalence of T. gondii DNA of B1 gene in the total examined D. reticulatus ticks was 3.2%. The infection varies greatly depending on the locality of tick collection (0-16.7%). Preliminary identification of clonal type (I or II/III) by Restriction Fragments Length Polymorphism PCR (RFLP-PCR) with use B1 gene showed that all isolates of T. gondii belonged to type I. RFLP analysis using genetic markers SAG1, 5'-SAG2, 3'-SAG2, SAG3, and GRA6 on B1-positive samples showed that only a single isolate proved to be type I with all five markers, another type was classified to type I according to four markers, while another five isolates had only type I alleles at GRA6, which cannot be regarded as type I confirmation. It must be pointed out that the used DNA isolation method by boiling with ammonium hydroxide enables to receive the total DNA from ticks, but may be not quite suitable for genotyping. In conclusion, this study indicates that besides Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus), also D. reticulatus should be considered as a potential vector of T. gondii. The presumption of tick-borne transmission as an alternative pathway of disease spreading could well explain the high prevalence of toxoplasmosis among the herbivorous mammals and birds. However, this hypothesis needs verification by further experimental and ecological studies., Angelina Wójcik-Fatla, Jacek Sroka, Violetta Zając, Anna Sawczyn, Ewa Cisak, Jacek Dutkiewicz., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Jubilejní rok AV ČR, který je zároveň prvním rokem zavádění „Strategie AV21“ do praxe mezinárodní spolupráce, nabádá nejen k ohlédnutí za prací vykonanou v minulosti, ale především ke zhodnocení současné kooperace se zahraničními partnery. O součinnosti s polskými kolegy jsme již informovali - naposledy prostřednictvím vzpomínek pamětníků v AB 12/2013. Tentokrát představujeme dlouholetou spolupráci Muzea a ústavu zoologie Polské akademie věd ve Varšavě a Ústavu půdní biologie BC AV ČR, kterou uvede dr. Karel Tajovský. Spolupráci Astronomického centra Mikuláše Koperníka ve Varšavě a Astronomického ústavu AV ČR popíše jeho ředitel prof. Václav Karas. and Andrzej Magala, Karel Tajovský, Vladimír Karas.