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76462. Volnost, svoboda a skutečná svoboda
- Creator:
- Ringen, Stein
- Format:
- Type:
- model:internalpart and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Two schools of freedom are considered and compared, 'the liberty school' and 'the real freedom school'. For the liberty school, freedom is freedom of choice. In the classical understanding, that is seen as a matter of rights. In the modern, revised understanding, it is seen as depending on rights, resources and arenas. For the real freedom school, freedom is a matter of being one's own master. This is viewed not as 'rational choice' but as being in control of both the ends and the means in shaping one's life. Freedom is now a function of liberty and reason. The challenge the real freedom school puts to us is the psychological problem of self-control. The second part of the article considers and defies 'reason'. Reason is seen as a competence that must be learned. It consists of the application in life choices of values and norms. Values and norms are beliefs about what is good (or bad) and right (or wrong). Operational values and norms are grounded in evidence-based faith and are learnt in institutions, in particular in families, schools, and arenas of deliberation. The politics of freedom goes to the protection and nurturing of institutions. The method of analysis is individualistic, but the final conclusions social. It is argued that the real freedom school of freedom should be the preferred one for the advancement and protection of freedom in today's world.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
76463. Volokitina, T. V. - Muraško, G. P. - Stykalin, A. S. (ed.): 1968 god: „Pražskaja vesna”. Istoričeskaja retrospektiva
- Creator:
- Křesťan, Jiří
- Type:
- article and TEXT
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Anotace
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
76464. Volosko-Venecia: cestopisné črty
- Creator:
- Hurban Vajanský, Svetozár
- Publisher:
- Kníhtlačiarsky účastninársky spolok
- Format:
- print and 131 stran
- Type:
- model:monograph and TEXT
- Subject:
- Chorvatsko, Benátky (Itálie : oblast), and cestopisy
- Language:
- Slovak
- Description:
- Svetozár Hurban Vajanský. and Separát z: Národní Noviny
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
76465. Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channels at the frog neuromuscular junction
- Creator:
- Nurullin, L. F., Mukhitov, A. R., Tsentsevytsky, A. N., Petrova, N. V., Samigullin, D. V., Malomouzh, A. I., Bukharaeva, E. A., František Vyskočil, and Nikolsky, E. E.
- Format:
- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, nervosvalový přenos, acetylcholin, neuromuscular transmission, acetylcholine, motor nerve terminal, acetylcholine release, N- and P/Q-type calcium channels, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- It is well known that antagonists of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels inhibit the evoked quan tal release of acetylcholine in amphibian neuromuscular synapses. This, however, does not exclude the functional expression of other types of voltage-gated calcium channels in these nerve terminals. Using immunocytochemistry, we detected the expression of the α1A subunit of P/Q-type calcium channels (that is otherwise typical of mammalian motor nerve endings) in the frog neuromuscular junction. In addition, we demonstrated that the P/Q-type channel blocker ω-agatoxin IVA (20 nM) reduced the action potential- induced calcium transient and significantly decreased both spontaneous and evoked mediator release. Our data indicates the functional expression of P/Q-type calcium channels in the frog motor nerve ending which participate in acetylcholine release., L. F. Nurullin ... [et al.]., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
76466. Voltage-gated sodium channels mediating conduction in vagal motor fibers innervating the esophageal striated muscle
- Creator:
- Pavelkova, Nikoleta, Brozmanova, Mariana, Jayanta Patil, Mayur, and Kollarik, Marian
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- voltage-gated sodium channels, vagal motor fibers, esophageal striated muscle, and action potential conduction
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The vagal motor fibers innervating the esophageal striated muscle are essential for esophageal motility including swallowing and vomiting. However, it is unknown which subtypes of voltagegated sodium channels (NaV1s) regulate action potential conduction in these efferent nerve fibers. The information on the NaV1s subtypes is necessary for understanding their potential side effects on upper gut, as novel inhibitors of NaV1s are developed for treatment of pain. We used isolated superfused (35 °C) vagally-innervated mouse esophagus striated muscle preparation (mucosa removed) to measure isometric contractions of circular striated muscle evoked by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. NaV1 inhibitors were applied to the de-sheathed segment of the vagus nerve. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) applied to the vagus nerve completely abolished electrically evoked contractions. The selective NaV1.7 inhibitor PF-05089771 alone partially inhibited contractions and caused a >3-fold rightward shift in the TTX concentration-inhibition curve. The NaV1.1, NaV1.2 and NaV1.3 group inhibitor ICA-121431 failed to inhibit contractions, or to alter TTX concentration-inhibition curves in the absence or in the presence of PF-05089771. RT-PCR indicated lack of NaV1.4 expression in nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, which contain motor and preganglionic neurons projecting to the esophagus. We conclude that the action potential conduction in the vagal motor fibers to the esophageal striated muscle in the mouse is mediated by TTX-sensitive voltage gated sodium channels including NaV1.7 and most probably NaV1.6. The role of NaV1.6 is supported by ruling out other TTX-sensitive NaV1s (NaV1.1-1.4) in the NaV1.7-independent conduction.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
76467. Voltairův životopis Karla XII
- Creator:
- Liška, Martin
- Format:
- print, bez média, and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Voltaire, 1694-1778, XII., švédský král, Karel, 1682-1718, osvícenství, dějiny historiografie, enlightenment, history of historiography, 8, and 94(437)
- Language:
- Czech and English
- Description:
- The aim of the following study is to analyze Voltaire’s biography about Charles XII as an early part of Voltaire’s historiographical work and also to analyze the ideas of the Enlightenment the author used. The study also tries to answer the question which lesson a reader should get and which interpretations should be on the other hand avoided., Martin Liška., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
76468. Voltammetrically determined differences in changes evoked by KC1 microinjections on catecholamine levels in the reticular formation and corpus striatum of the rat
- Creator:
- Pavlásek, J., Mašánová, C., Bielik, P., and Murgaš, K.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- K+ depolarization, catecholamines, reticular formation, striatum, voltammetry, and rat
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Using a microelectrode with carbon filaments and the voltammctric technique, changes evoked in the catechol oxidation current (CA.OC) and multiple unit activity (MUA) by microinjection of 3-5 ¿ri 03 mol.I'1 KC1 were studied in the reticular formation (RF) of the medulla oblongata of anaesthetized rats; the effect of KC1 stimulation of the RF and corpus striatum (S) on the CA.OC in these structures was compared. The microinjection of KC1 in the vicinity of the working electrode in the RF caused depression of MUA which began 2-3 s after administration, persisted for up to 6 min after and then diminished, reaching control values within 9 min. The voltammctric signal was first recorded in the 1st min after microinjection, when there was an evident decrease in the CA.OC value (59 % of the control value); this effect reached its maximum 7 min after administration (a mean drop to 23 % of the control), while at the end of the experiment (i.e. after 24 min) CA.OC values had risen to 45-80 % of the control value. The response in the S had a biphasic character, however. Immediately after the microinjection (1st min), the mean CA.OC value rose to 626 % of the control, while in the second phase (3-10 min) it was seen to fall below the control values (means 21-63 % of the control). The differences in the changes evoked by K+ depolarization in the concentration of catecholamines in the RF and S microenvironment are discussed from the aspect of the existence of different pools of the transmitter and other regional differences. The possibility of a relationship between considered.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
76469. Volterra summation equations and second order difference equations
- Creator:
- Morchało, Jarosław
- Format:
- bez média and svazek
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Volterra summation equations and second order difference equations
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The asymptotic and oscillatory behavior of solutions of Volterra summation equation and second order linear difference equation are studied.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
76470. Voltinism and larval growth pattern in Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) at its northern range margin
- Creator:
- Purse, Bethan V. and Thompson, David J.
- Type:
- article, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Odonata, Coenagrion mercuriale, Pyrrhosoma nymphula, seasonal regulation, diapause, voltinism, larval growth, and intraspecific predation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Voltinism and larval growth pattern were investigated in an edge-of-range population of Coenagrion mercuriale. Coenagrion mercuriale is semi-voltine in Britain and growth is inhibited in winter. The 2nd year group overwinters in a range of instars between the antepenultimate and final instar consistent with the early, asynchronous emergence pattern of this species. A facultative autumnal diapause in the penultimate instar is the most likely mode of seasonal regulation. The broad size distribution of larvae produced by this growth pattern was wider than that found in co-occurring populations of Pyrrhosoma nymphula, a "spring" species with synchronous emergence. The broad size distributions may lead to considerable intraspecific interference between C. mercuriale larvae. Sex ratio in the last three larval instars of C. mercuriale did not differ significantly from unity. A laboratory investigation of the effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth and diapause in C. mercuriale is recommended to determine whether high minimum temperature thresholds for development limit both the width of the temporal niche and microhabitat use by this species at its range margin.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public