The study offers the exposition of the persecution of heretics and witches and sorcerers in the region of Fribourg in the first half of the 14th century. The progress from persecution of heretics to the ensuing witch trials in the town of Fribourg and its surroundings was not strictly linear. In fact, for some time the persecution of heretics coincided with the persecution of witches and sorcerers, particularly in the years of the trial against Waldensians in 1430. After 1442, there were no more trials with heretics, and the persecution of witches and sorcerers alone ensued. The fundamental difference between the persecution of heretics and the persecution of witches lied in their point of focus. Persecution of heretics was aimed at towns, whereas the persecution of witches was directed at village populations. In the case of Waldensians, mainly men were persecuted; the persecution of witches was aimed primarily at women. With one exception, all trials were held before the same court, i.e. the inquisition court, where members of the Fribourg Municipal Council acted as observers. The unceasing inquisition and the employed inquisition procedure became the link between heresy and witchcraft; naturally, this statement is not exclusively applicable to Fribourg. and Kathrin Utz Tremp.
In the War of the Austrian Succession one of the major turning points was when Maria Theresa was crowned Queen of Bohemia, because this step strengthened the power of the Houseof Habsburg in Central Europe. For people who belonged to the Reformed Church in the Kingdom of Hungary, this meant that they had to live their lives under the rule of a Catholic monarch. Debrecen was the centre of the Reformed Church and the city prepared for this political situation: pastor Mihály Komáromi H. delivered a special sermon to celebrate the coronation. In this sermon he acknowledged the fact that the Habsburgs had right to the Hungarian throne and tried to use this political advantage to improve the situation of the Reformed Church. This sermon became so popular that a manuscript was made from it and it was a popular reading in the Reformed congregations of the countryside., Ádám Hegyi., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Vopěnka’s Alternative Set Theory can be viewed both as an evolution and as a revolution: it is based on his previous experience with nonstandard universes, inspired by Skolem’s construction of a nonstandard model of arithmetic, and its inception has been explicitly mentioned as an attempt to axiomatize Robinson’s nonstandard analysis. Vopěnka preferred working in an axiomatic theory to investigating its individual models; he also viewed other areas of nonclassical mathematics through this prism. This article is a contribution to the mapping of the mathematical neighbourhood of the Alternative Set Theory, and at the same time, it submits a challenge to analyze in more detail the genesis and structure of the philosophical links that eventually influenced the Alternative Set Theory. and Vopěnkovu Alternativní teorii množin lze vnímat jak jako evoluci, tak stejně dobře jako revoluci: vychází z jeho předchozí zkušenosti s nestandardními univerzy, inspirované Skolemovou konstrukcí nestandardního modelu aritmetiky, a je ve svých počátcích explicitně zmiňována jako pokus axiomatizovat Robinsonovu nestandardní analýzu. Vopěnka upřednostňoval práci v axiomatické teorii před zkoumáním jejích jednotlivých modelů; tímto prizmatem nahlížel i některé další partie neklasické matematiky. Text je příspěvkem k mapování matematického okolí Alternativní teorie množin, zároveň otevírá otázku po podrobnější genezi a struktuře filosofických souvislostí, které Alternativní teorii množin postupně ovlivnily.