Mass releases of Trichogramma confusum Viggiani and T. maidis Pintureau & Voegele are widely used to control lepidopterous pests. They have long been considered to be the subspecies of T. chilonis Ishii and T. brassicae Bezdenko, respectively. To re-examine the taxonomic status of these closely related Trichogramma species, the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA was used as a molecular marker to detect between-species differences. The ITS2 regions of 7 different Trichogramma species collected from China, Germany and France were sequenced and the inter-species distances were calculated. To quantify within-species sequence variation, the ITS2 regions of 6 geographical populations of T. dendrolimi Matsumura collected from across China were sequenced and compared. The results show that the ITS2 sequences of T. confusum and T. maidis are sufficiently different from those of T. chilonis and T. brassicae, respectively, that it is difficult to group them as cryptic species, whereas there are only minor differences between the T. dendrolimi populations. The ITS2 sequences identified in this study, coupled with 67 ITS2 sequences from a wide geographical distribution retrieved from GenBank, were then used for phylogenetic analyses. The results support previous records of minor within-species ITS2 sequence divergence and distinct interspecies differences. The cladograms show the T. maidis sequence clustered within T. evanescens Westwood, while the ITS2 sequences of T. confusum and T. chilonis are clustered in different branches. Taken together, these data suggest that T. maidis is not T. brassicae, but a cryptic or sibling species of T. evanescens; T. confusum and T. chilonis are not cryptic species but two closely related sister species.
Several algorithms have been developed for time series forecasting. In this paper, we develop a type of algorithm that makes use of the numerical methods for optimizing on objective function that is the Kullbak-Leibler divergence between the joint probability density function of a time series xi, X2, Xn and the product of their marginal distributions. The Grani-charlier expansion is ušed for estimating these distributions.
Using the weights that have been obtained by the neural network, and adding to them the Kullback-Leibler divergence of these weights, we obtain new weights that are ušed for forecasting the new value of Xn+k.
The paper deals with application of MF-ARTMAP neural network on
financial fraud data. The focus was on classification of data into 5 types of fraud based on expert knowledge with the aim to achieve the tool with highest classification accuracy. The fraud was characterized by 22 features and the verbal features were encoded into numerical values to be able to use them in the classification proceduře. The results show that in the čase of sufficient data (fraud) representation neural networks could be used with success; in case there are rather small examples, expert generated rules are preferred.
The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of path dependence theory to explain the convergence of housing regimes among post-socialist countries, both at the beginning and in the later phases of housing-regime transformation. We especially seek to show the selected common traps that were recently created by the legacy of giveaway privatisation and the super-homeownership regime, traps that increase intergenerational inequality, which to now has been effectively mitigated by within-family financial transfers.
Hospitals must index each case of inpatient medical care with codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9), under regulations from the Bureau of National Health Insurance. This paper aims to investigate the analysis of free-textual clinical medical diagnosis documents with ICD-9 codes using state-of-the-art techniques from text and visual mining fields. In this paper, ViSOM and SOM approaches inspire several analyses of clinical diagnosis records with ICD-9 codes. ViSOM and SOM are also used to obtain interesting patterns that have not been discovered with traditional, nonvisual approaches. Furthermore, we addressed three principles that can be used to help clinical doctors analyze diagnosis records effectively using the ViSOM and SOM approaches. The experiments were conducted using real diagnosis records and show that ViSOM and SOM are helpful for organizational decision-making activities.
Credit risk assessment, credit scoring and loan applications approval are one of the typical tasks that can be performed using machine learning or data mining techniques. From this viewpoint, loan applications evaluation is a classification task, in which the final decision can be either a crisp yes/no decision about the loan or a numeric score expressing the financial standing of the applicant. The knowledge to be used is inferred from data about past decisions. These data usually consist off both socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the applicant (e.g., age, income, and deposit), the characteristics of the loan, and the loan approval decision. A number of machine learning algorithms can be used for this purpose. In this paper we show how this task can be performed using the LISp- Miner system, a tool that is under development at the University of Economics, Prague. LISp-Miner is primarily focused on mining for various types of association rules, but unlike "classical" association rules proposed by Agrawal, LISp-Miner in- troduces a greater variety of different types of relations between the left-hand and right-hand sides of a rule. Two other procedures that can be used for classification task are implemented in LISp-Miner as well. We describe the 4ft-Miner and KEX procedures and show how they can be used to analyze data related to loan applications. We also compare the results obtained using the presented algorithms with results from standard rule-learning methods.
This article presents a critical evaluation of the growing popularity of online social surveys for the exploration of attitudes and behaviours within higher educational institutions. More specifically this article addresses a number of key issues: the construction of representative online samples, and the presentation of the results from an institutional census constructed from an online survey with a low response rate. The improper use of statistical significance tests, and the reporting of systematic errors when quota sampling is employed in surveys is also discussed. This study compares and evaluates four recent academic surveys: (a) the Czech wave of the EUROSTUDENT IV survey fielded by SC&C, (b) A Research Survey on Academic Staff at Czech Colleges and Universities undertaken by SC&C in 2009, (c) surveys of students and (d) employees at Palacky University Olomouc undertaken by the newly established Laboratory of Social Research. This article shows that an improper interpretation of online surveys resulted in a missrepresention of the views of university students and academic staff on the state of Czech higher education and opinions concerning different tertiary education reform measures., Dan Ryšavý., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
This article presents a critical evaluation of the growing popularity of online social surveys for the exploration of attitudes and behaviours within higher educational institutions. More specifically this article addresses a number of key issues: the construction of representative online samples, and the presentation of the results from an institutional census constructed from an online survey with a low response rate. The improper use of statistical significance tests, and the reporting of systematic errors when quota sampling is employed in surveys is also discussed. This study compares and evaluates four recent academic surveys: (a) the Czech wave of the EUROSTUDENT IV survey fielded by SC&C, (b) A Research Survey on Academic Staff at Czech Colleges and Universities undertaken by SC&C in 2009, (c) surveys of students and (d) employees at Palacky University Olomouc undertaken by the newly established Laboratory of Social Research. This article shows that an improper interpretation of online surveys resulted in a missrepresention of the views of university students and academic staff on the state of Czech higher education and opinions concerning different tertiary education reform measures.
Ačkoliv Soudní dvůr Evropské unie ve své judikatuře proklamuje nutnost eurokonformního výkladu právních termínů použitých v tzv. zadávací směrnici upravující oblast veřejných zakázek, dostávají se v praxi orgány členských států i právní teorie do úzkých, zejména při výkladu definice veřejného zadavatele, obsažené v čl. 1 odst. 9 směrnice. Již samotný překlad několika součástí definice způsobuje zásadní problémy kvůli užití zřejmě dosud neznámých právních pojmů, se kterými právní řády členských států neoperovaly. Uvedené obtíže se markantně projevují na příkladu posuzování církevních právnických osob jako veřejných zadavatelů. V České republice se dosud k dané problematice vyjadřoval zejména Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže ve dvou rozhodnutích, která přinesla různý výsledek. Obdobně i německé orgány rozhodují o charakteru církevních právnických osob různorodě a vzácný nesoulad lze nalézt i na půdě německé právní teorie. K řešení otázky, které tzv. jiné právnické osoby považovat za veřejné zadavatele, nepřispívá ani příloha III, resp. XI zadávací směrnice, neboť jednotlivé členské státy nejsou schopny se sjednotit, které subjekty mezi veřejné zadavatele zahrnout. CR – cze
rok: 2013 and Although, in its rulings, the Court of Justice of the European Union has proclaimed the necessity for European-wide consistency of interpretation of legal terminology used in the Procurement Directive governing the area of public procurement, in practice and also in legal theory, member states’ authorities tend to find themselves in difficulties with the interpretation of the definition of the term contracting authority contained in Article 1, paragraph 9 of the Directive. Even the simple translation of several components of the definition cause fundamental problems due to the use of hitherto unknown legal terms with which the legal systems of the member states have not yet encountered. The aforementioned difficulties manifest themselves particularly plainly for instance in the case of religious legal entities being deemed to be contracting authorities. One particular authority in the Czech Republic, which has so far made reference to this matter, in two rulings which brought differing results, is the Office for Protection of Competition. Similarly, the German authorities also come to varying decisions about the nature of religious legal entities and a rare case of discord can be found in German legal theory.Nor is resolution of the matter of which “bodies governed by public law” can be assumed to be contracting authorities helped by Annex III, or rather XI of the Procurement Directive, since the individual member states are unable to conform to the question of which
entities to include among contracting authorities.