The author traces the road Dewey covered when he tried to free himself from a traditional ontology and epistemology. He did completely change understanding of the concept of experience. In the second part, author shows what it is meant to be ''true''/''false'' in the pragmatist logic and epistemology. It is indicated by explication of Dewey’s up-to-date conception of perception and knowledge. The role of action is stressed there. In the third part, author explains why our traditional approach to thinking could not accept this pragmatist understanding. He introduces there Dewey’s analysis of the old Greek idea of knowledge as seeing finalities of the ''true world''. In the semi-final part, the author articulates Dewey’s conception of ''ecological paradigm'' that could be seen as final liberation from the old, powerful, yet false tradition of the separate objects ontology. There the conception of situational ontology is presented. In the last part, he summarizes a new understanding of knowledge, truth and situational ontology and thus determines a new meaning of experience. Experience there is understood as a not-subjective field of powers that cross back and forth borders of objects in a process of achieving equilibrium., Autor sleduje cestu, kterou Dewey zakryl, když se snažil osvobodit od tradiční ontologie a epistemologie. Úplně změnil chápání pojmu zkušenosti. Ve druhé části autor ukazuje, co má být v pragmatické logice a epistemologii ,,pravdivé'' / ,,falešné''. To je naznačeno vysvětlením Deweyho aktuálního pojetí vnímání a poznání. Je zde zdůrazňována úloha akce. Ve třetí části autor vysvětluje, proč náš tradiční přístup k myšlení nemohl přijmout toto pragmatické chápání. Uvádí zde Deweyho analýzu staré řecké představy o poznání jako vidění finality „pravého světa“. V polovině závěrečné části autor vyjadřuje Deweyho pojetí ,,ekologického paradigmatu'', které lze považovat za konečné osvobození od starého, mocného, ale falešná tradice jednotlivých objektů ontologie. Zde je představena koncepce situační ontologie. V poslední části shrnuje nové chápání znalostí, pravdy a situační ontologie, a tak určuje nový význam zkušenosti. Zkušenost je chápána jako subjektivní pole moci, které překračuje hranice objektů v procesu dosažení rovnováhy., and Radim Šíp
This paper focuses on users’ involvement in the reform of mental-health care in the Czech Republic, which, like in other countries, is connected with the destigmatisation of mental illness and the deinstitutionalisation of care. As part of the reform process, users’ and caregivers’ representatives were invited by the key stakeholders to participate in working groups, expert committees, and government bodies that associate users’ and representatives of parents. At the same time, users and caregivers mobilised from below and participated in a number of bottom-up initiatives. Against this backdrop, this study set out to identify the main positions of patients and caregivers in the Czech process of reforming mental-health care. Moreover, the role of the different forms of knowledge that inspire civic engagement are examined. The study is based on an analysis of semi-structured interviews, primary and secondary sources, and field observations. First, the following four positions taken by users as part of their involvement in the reform of mental-health care are identified: guardians, negotiators, awakeners, and fighters. Second, this study discusses the complexity of relations between users’ participation and knowledge, showing that the key source of users’ involvement is personal experience, which is difficult to separate from expert knowledge. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the complexity of relations between expertise and experience for users’ involvement.
This paper concerns a fragment of written inheritance left behind by professor of physics at the former German University in Prague Reinhold H. Fürth (1893-1979) acquired by the Masaryk Institute and the Archive of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague in 2016., Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy, and Překlad resumé: Paul Sinclair
Childcare leave schemes are one of the key measures that affect the ability of women and men to balance their work and family lives. Both the length of the parental leave period and the amount of the benefit have the potential to shape the timing of a subsequent birth. Important changes have been introduced into the Czech parental benefit scheme over the last 10 years in terms of both the scheme’s flexibility and the monthly amount of the benefit, which has provided a unique opportunity for studying the links between the institutional conditions of parenthood and the behaviour of real stakeholders. Using data on births from the Czech Statistical Office and the parity-cohort analytical approach, we investigate changes in the spacing of second and third births among women who had their first or second child between 1986 and 2013. The results revealed an increase in the second- and third-birth rate during the second and third year following a delivery, together with a decrease in the second- and third-birth rate during the fourth year and later among mothers exposed to changes in the parental benefit scheme. These changes in reproductive behaviour noticeably coincided with the incentives that have been provided since 2008 by the increased flexibility of the parental leave scheme and the author argues that the option to increase the monthly amount of the parental benefit together with the flexibility of its use has contributed to the closer spacing of births, most notably among more educated women.