Techniky využívající vizuálních stimulů jsou v sociálněvědním výzkumu přítomny od konce 19. století. Jejich metodologické ukotvení, zejména pak v kvantitativně orientovaných studiích, však není příliš pevné. V této přehledové stati se proto zaměřuji na metodologické aspekty jednotlivých skupin vizuálních technik a následně formuluji doporučení pro design studií, které se takový typ výzkumu rozhodnou použít. V textu se po stručném historickém úvodu postupně věnuji psychologickým projektivním metodám, využití vizuálních materiálů v hloubkových rozhovorech a kvantitativních dotazníkových šetřeních. V diskusi pak shrnuji metodologická specifika tohoto typu technik, doporučení pro design instrumentu a problémy validity., Techniques using visual stimuli have existed in social research since the late 19th century. However, the methodological framework in which they are embedded remains limited in scope, especially with respect to quantitative research. In this article, the author focuses on the methodological aspects of various types of visual techniques. Subsequently, he proposes some recommendations for methodological design. After a brief historical review, the main part of the article discusses psychological projective methods, photo-elicitation techniques and the application of visual stimuli in in-depth interviewing and quantitative questionnaire surveys. Final discussion focuses on the methodological specifics of visual methods, design recommendations and the problem of validity., Martin Buchtík., and Seznam literatury
Inflammation and other immune responses are involved in the variety of diseases and disorders. The acute response to endotoxemia includes activation of innate immune mechanisms as well as changes in autonomic nervous activity. The autonomic nervous system and the inflammatory response are intimately linked and sympathetic and vagal nerves are thought to have anti-inflammation functions. The basic functional circuit between vagus nerve a nd inflammatory response was identified and the neuroimmunomodulation loop was called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Unique function of vagus nerve in the anti-inflammatory reflex arc was found in many experimental and pre-clinical studies. They br ought evidence on the cholinergic signaling interacting with systemic and local inflammation, particularly suppressing immune cells function. Pharmacological/electrical modulation of vagal activity suppressed TNF-α and other proinflammatory cytokines prod uction and had beneficial therapeutic effects. Many questions related to mapping, linking and targeting of vagal-immune interactions have been elucidated and brought understanding of its basic physiology and provided the initial support for development of Tracey's inflammatory reflex. This review summarizes and critically assesses the current knowledge defining cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway with main focus on studies employing an experimental approach and emphasizes the potential of modulation of va gally-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway in the treatment strategies., I. Zila, D. Mokra, J. Kopincova, M. Kolomaznik, M. Javorka, A. Calkovska., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The effects of transient and sustained hyperthyroidism on vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI) levels were studied in the heart atria of developing and adult rats. Newborn rats were divided into 5 groups. Neo-T animals were treated with thyroxine (T4) during postnatal days 1-8 and sacrificed at the age of 60 days. Neo-S rats were treated with T4 during postnatal days 1-60 and sacrificed one day later. Adult-1 and Adult-2 animals received T4 during days 52-60 and were sacrificed 5-6 days and 1 day later, respectively. Control animals were injected with saline. VIP-LI concentrations were determined in extracts from the left and right atria separately. In Neo-S and Adult-2 rats, spontaneous heart rate, the weight of both atria and total T4 serum levels were significantly enhanced, while their body weight was decreased. The ratio atria weight to body weight was significantly increased in all groups except for Adult-1 animals. Hyperthyroidism led to a significant decrease in VIP-LI levels in both atria of Neo-S and Neo-T rats. Hyperthyroidism induced in adult rats also decreased VIP-LI levels in both atria. However, this change was only transient. In conclusion, our data have provided new evidence that hyperthyroidism induced during the early neonatal period interferes with the development of VIP-ergic innervation in rat atria. The period of the first few postnatal days seems to be essential for this effect, since VIP-LI concentrations in 60-day-old animals did not significantly differ between Neo-S and Neo-T atria., J. Kuncová, J. Slavíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Již pošesté se sešla odborná porota složená z fotografů a zároveň vědců, aby zhodnotila příspěvky zaslané do soutěže Věda je krásná. Do ročníku 2014 bylo zasláno celkem 529 příspěvků. Z celkového počtu 7 kategorií patřilo pět výhradně zaměstnancům a studentům Univerzity Karlovy. Objevitelskou kategorii a nově ustavenou kategorii Instagram, otevřenou široké veřejnosti, hodnotila porota složená z pracovníků Přírodovědecké fakulty UK v Praze. Diváci pak rozhodli o vítězi ve vlastním hlasování. V uplynulém ročníku zaujaly nejvíce mikrofotografie a snímky využívající složité postupy. Věda je krásná ale není jen soutěží mikrofotografií, velký prostor zůstává vymezen klasickým fotografiím a ilustracím, v r. 2014 poprvé také snímkům pořízeným ve výše zmíněné mobilní aplikaci., A specialist panel made up of photographers and scientists assessed 529 contributions sent in to the Science is Beautiful competition 2014. Five out of seven categories belonged exclusively to employees and students of Charles University in Prague. Over the last year microphotographs and shots making use of complex techniques have been the most popular. However, Science is Beautiful is not just a microphotography competition, but much room also remains for classic photography and illustrations, while even photos taken by mobile applications were included in 2014., and Michal Andrle, Alena Ječmíková, Martin Černý.
Parazitické stádium velkých mlžů (řád Unionida) vytváří velmi těsné spojení mezi těmito druhy a jejich rybími hostiteli. Tento článek představuje variabilitu mezidruhových interakcí na příkladech středoevropských druhů., The parasitic stage of freshwater mussels (order Unionida) constitutes a tight host-affiliate linkage between mussels and their host fish. This article presents the variability of interactions using the Central European species as a model group., and Karel Douda.
Stať převážně empirického charakteru čerpá z archivních dat, ze zdrojů Centra pro výzkum veřejného mínění a z první fáze realizace projektu Grantové agentury ČR s názvem „Sociologický výzkum historického vědomí obyvatel České republiky”. Teoretická část textu vychází z konceptu kolektivní paměti, zejména z myšlenky selektivity a proměnlivosti obsahů uložených v paměti. Článek dále prezentuje kvantitativní data týkající se veřejného mínění o české historii a kvalitativní zjištění výzkumu o historickém vědomí získaná prostřednictvím metody focus groups., The article of a mostly empirical character is drawn from archive data, from the sources of the Centre for Public Opinion Research, and from the first phase of the undertaking of a project of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic entit - led „The Sociological Research of the Historical Consciousness of Inhabitants of the Czech Republic“. The theoretical part of the text is based on the concept of collective memory, especially on the idea of the selectivity and changeability of contents saved in the memory. This article also presents quantitative data concerning the perspective held by public opinion on Czech history, and qualitative perspectives on historical consciousness attained through the use of focus groups., and Jiří Šubrt, Štěpánka Pfeiferová.
Visfatin is a multi-functional molecule that can act intracellularly and extracellularly as an adipokine, cytokine and enzyme. One of the main questions concerning visfatin is the mechanism of its secretion; whether, how and from which cells visfatin is released. The objective of this in vitro study was to observe the active secretion of visfatin from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes, HepG2 hepatocytes, U-937, THP-1 and HL-60 monocytes and macrophages. The amount of visfatin in media and cell lysate was always related to the intracellular enzyme, glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), to exclude the passive release of visfatin. Visfatin was not found in media of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In media of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 hepatocytes, the ratio of visfatin to the amount of GAPDH was identical to cell lysates. Hence, it is likely that these cells do not actively secrete visfatin in a significant manner. However, we found that significant producers of visfatin are differentiated macrophages and that the amount of secreted visfatin depends on used cell line and it is affected by the mode of differentiation. Results show that 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 hepatocytes released visfatin only passively during the cell death. U-937 macrophages secrete visfatin in the greatest level from all of the tested cell lines., P. Svoboda, E. Křížová, K. Čeňková, K. Vápenková, J. Zídková, V. Zídek, V. Škop., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Druhé pokračování o významu vitaminu D pro zdraví člověka (první bylo publikováno v Živě 4/2015) se zabývá jeho úlohou, kterou hraje v imunitě. Donedávna se nepředpokládalo, že by vitamin D mohl podmiňovat také imunitní procesy. Během posledních let se však nashromáždil dostatečný počet experimentálních i klinických studií, které dokládají, že při jeho nedostatečném příjmu dochází k poklesu zejména antiinfekční imunity, a souběžně s tím stoupá také riziko vzniku nesdělných onemocnění. Účelem tohoto sdělení není vyčerpávající informace o mechanismech jeho působen na imunitní systém, ale upozornění pro specialisty i laiky na tuto důležitou, ale prozatím opomíjenou problematiku., This is a further continuation of an 8/2015 article about the importance of vitamin D to the health of human beings (the first was published in Živa 4/2015). The article deals with the role that the vitamin plays in immunity. Until recently, it was not assumed that vitamin D could also be conditional upon immune processes and that it determines the correct function of both natural and adaptive immunity. In recent years, however, a sufficient number of experimental and clinical studies have accumulated, providing evidence that insufficient intake of vitamin D could not only induce decreased immunity to infection but also contribute substantially to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this communication is not exhaustive information on the mechanisms of vitamin D effects on the immune system, but as an alert to specialists and laymen on hitherto neglected issues., and Petr Šíma, Bohumil Turek.