In this paper, we are going to characterize the space ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ through variable Lebesgue spaces and Morrey spaces. There have been many attempts to characterize the space ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ by using various function spaces. For example, Ho obtained a characterization of ${\rm BMO}({\mathbb R}^n)$ with respect to rearrangement invariant spaces. However, variable Lebesgue spaces and Morrey spaces do not appear in the characterization. One of the reasons is that these spaces are not rearrangement invariant. We also obtain an analogue of the well-known John-Nirenberg inequality which can be seen as an extension to the variable Lebesgue spaces.
Some reports indicate that mesophyll conductance (gm) to carbon dioxide varies greatly with the substomatal carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) during the measurement, while other reports indicate little or no change in g m with Ci. I used the oxygen sensitivity of photosynthesis to determine the response of gm to Ci over the range of about 100 to 300 μmol mol-1 Ci at constant temperature in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max) grown over a range of temperatures and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD). In soybean grown and measured at high PPFD there was only a slight, approximately 15% decrease in gm with Ci over the range of 100 to 300 μmol mol-1. With lower PPFD during the measurement of gm, and especially with low PPFD during plant growth, there was a larger decrease in gm with Ci in soybean. In common bean, the same range in Ci resulted in about a 60% decrease in g m for plants grown and measured at high PPFD, with an even larger decrease for plants at low growth or measurement PPFD. Growth temperatures of 20 to 30°C had little influence on the response of gm to Ci or its absolute value in either species. It is concluded that these two species differed substantially in the sensitivity of gm to Ci, and that PPFD but not temperature during leaf development strongly affected the response of gm to Ci. and J. A. Bunce.
Říká se, že jedním ze znaků správné fyzikální teorie je její krása. Máme-li na mysli estetičnost matematickou, patří variační počet k matematickým metodám, které naplňují tento požadavek vrchovatě. Je také pravda, že správné (zkušeností a experimentem prověřené) fyzikální teorie bývají variační, tj. odvoditelné z variačního principu: Klasická mechanika, relativistická mechanika, kvantová mechanika, klasická elektrodynamika... Na zcela elementární úrovni předkládáme základní myšlenku a klasické postupy variačního počtu, s ukázkami použití v geometrii a fyzice. Zaměříme se pouze na variační princip prvního řádu, s důrazem na mechaniku, kde na rozdíl od teorie pole závisí řešené úlohy pouze na jedné nezávisle proměnné, ve fyzice obvykle na čase., It is said that one of the characteristic features of physical theories is their beauty. Having in mind the "mathematical aesthetic appearance" one can say that the calculus of variations highly fulfils this requirement! It is also well known that correct physical theories (those verified experimentally), are often variational, i.e. based on a variational principle: classical mechanics, relativistic mechanics, quantum mechanics, classical electrodynamics, etc. We present, at a very basic level, the fundamental ideas and classical approaches of the calculus of variations, including examples of their use in geometry and physics. We focus on the first order variational principle, emphasizing mechanics, because contrary to field theories, the variational problems in mechanics depend on one independent variable only (usually time in physics)., Jana Musilová, Pavla Musilová., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In this paper, the variance-constrained H∞ finite-horizon filtering problem is investigated for a class of time-varying nonlinear system under muti-rate communication network and stochastic protocol (SP). The stochastic protocol is employed to determine which sensor obtains access to the muti-rate communication network in order to relieve communication burden. A novel mapping technology is applied to characterize the randomly switching behavior of the data transmission resulting from the utilization of the SP in muti-rate communication network. By using relaxation method, sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of the finite-horizon filter satisfying both the prescribed H∞ performance and the covariance requirement of filtering errors, and the solutions of filters satisfying the above indexes are obtained by using linear matrix inequalities. Finally, the validity and effectiveness of the proposed filter scheme are verified by numerical simulation.
The aim of the article is to present an analysis of variant endings -i and -é. The research was carried out on the base of Czech National Corpus SYN2005. The ending -i is a variant of ending -é in the standard language (it amounts to 4 %). According to the corpora examination, the ending -i can be mainly found in the names of followers and members of social and political movements and institutions. No occurence or sporadic occurrence of the ending -i can be found in names of followers of religious views, suppor-ters of religious movements and members of sects, the names of specialists and sportsmen. The occurence of the form -i depends on the various factors: linguistical layer, semantical group that the word belongs to, type and frequency of the word, context and a text.
A thorough analysis of theoretical and computational properties of Kolmogorov learning algorithm for feedforward neural networks lead us to proposal of efficient sequential and parallel impleinentation. A novel approach to parallelization is presented which combines our previous rcsnlts in order to achieve higher parallel speed-up.
Variations in leaf gas-exchange characteristics, leaf pigment content, and other important leaf traits were investigated in seven wild Oryza species, five hybrids, and five improved varieties. The significant variations were observed in photosynthetic pigment contents amongst different species of Oryza. The mean chlorophyll (Chl) content was higher in O. sativa (varieties and hybrids), while O. eichengeri showed the lowest Chl content. The mean carotenoid (Car) content in O. sativa (varieties and hybrids) was higher than in other wild rice species. O. eichengeri and O. barthii had significantly lower Car contents than other rice species. Significant differences were noticed in the rate of photosynthesis (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), specific leaf mass (SLM), and leaf thickness amongst different Oryza species. The mean PN was the highest in O. nivara followed by O. eichengeri. The mean PN was the lowest in O. glumaepatula, which was lower than that of cultivated varieties and hybrids of O. sativa. High rates of photosynthesis were observed in O. nivara (ACC. No. CR 100097), O. rufipogon (ACC.No. CR 100267), and O. nivara (ACC.No. CR 100008). The O. nivara and O. rufipogon genotypes with high PN might be used in rice improvement programmes for an increase of leaf photosynthesis in rice. Multiple correlations performed between different gas-exchange characteristics and other physiological traits revealed that the rate of photosynthesis was not dependent on the leaf pigment content or the leaf thickness. A strong positive correlation between PN and the PN/Ci ratio, which represents the carboxylation efficiency, indicated that the observed variation in PN was not based on pigment content or other leaf traits. and T. V. Kiran ... [et al.].
Three genetically related Spathiphyllum cultivars, Claudia, Double Take, and Petite with similar initial sizes and biomass, were grown in a shaded greenhouse and fertilized with a constant supply of nitrogen at 200 g m-3 using an ebb-and-flow fertigation system. Seven months later, Claudia and Double Take had plant sizes and biomasses significantly greater than Petite. Stomatal conductances of Claudia and Double Take were 30 % greater, thus net photosynthetic rates (PN) were significantly higher than in Petite. In addition, the leaf areas (LA) of Claudia and Double Take were 60 % larger than of Petite. Since PN was expressed per leaf surface area, the greater the LA was, the more CO2 was fixed. Thus, the differences in plant size and biomass production of Claudia and Double Take compared to Petite are attributed to high PN and increased LA. and Qibing Wang, Jianjun Chen.
Among four mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (K-2, MR-2, BC2-59, and S-13), highest net photosynthetic rate (PN) was observed in BC2-59 while the lowest rates were recorded with K-2. Significant differences among the four cultivars were found in leaf area, biomass production, activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and glucose and sucrose contents. The PN and the activities of photosynthetic enzymes in the four cultivars were significantly correlated with the growth and biomass production measured as leaf yield, total shoot mass, and aerial plant biomass. and K. V. Chaitanya ... [et al.].
Leaf traits have long been recognized as influential factors in the acquisition and processing of resources by plants. However, there is less knowledge of between-species variations in seasonal changes in leaf traits and trait interrelationships. Therefore, we examined variations in leaf area (LA), dry biomass (DM), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf gas-exchange parameters in one non-native and seven native tree species under field environmental conditions, in a karst area in China subjected to desertification. Measurements were taken three times during the growing season. The results show that the seven native trees had higher LA, DM, and water-use efficiency (WUE) than the non-native Cinnamomum camphora. In contrast, all the native tree species except Ligustrum lucidum had lower photosynthetic rates (PN) than the non-native species. In all species, the relationship between LA and DM was less variable than the relationship between SLA and LA. However, leaves of the non-native C. camphora and native species Sterculia lanceolata, Cleidiocarpon cavalerei and Cyclobalanopsis glauca were highly sensitive to seasonal conditions, leaves of Sapindus mukorossi and Ligustrum lucidum were less sensitive to seasonal changes, and leaves of Syzygium cumini and Cephalomappa sinensis were insensitive. An understanding of leaf traits will aid the selection of suitable species for land restoration. and L.-Y. Wei ... [et al.].