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32. Cardiac effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and related C-terminal peptide fragment: increased inotropy or contribution to heart failure?
- Creator:
- Ján Dřímal, Knezl, V., Dřímal, J., Dřímal, D., Bauerová, K., Viktor Kettmann, Doherty, A. M., and Štefek, M.
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, endotel, fyziologie, endothelium, physiology, endothelin-1, ETA and ETB receptors, endothelin antagonicst, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The contrasting pattern of cardiac inotropy induced by human peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) has not been satisfactorily explained. It is not clear whether ET-1 is primarily responsible for increased myocardial ET-1 expression and release with resultant inotropic effects, or for the induction of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure. There are at least two subtypes of endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB) and the inotropic effects of ET-1 differ depending on the receptor involved. Along with some other groups, we reported significant subtype-ETB endothelin receptor down-regulation in human cardiac cells preincubated with endothelin agonists (Dřímal et al. 1999, 2000). The present study was therefore designed to clarify the subtype-selective mechanisms underlying the inotropic response to ET-1 and to its ETB-selective fragment (8-21)ET-1 in the isolated rat heart. The hearts were subjected to (1-21)ET-1 and to (8-21)ET-1, or to 30 min of stop-flow ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion, both before and after selective blockade of endothelin receptors.The present study revealed that both peptides, ET-1 and its (8-21)ET-1 fragment, significantly reduced coronary blood flow in nmolar and higher concentrations. The concomitant negative inotropy and chronotropy were marked after ET-1, while the infusion of the ET-1(8-21) fragment produced a slight but significant positive inotropic effect. Among the four endothelin antagonists tested in continuous infusion only the non-selective PD145065 and ETB1/B2-selective BQ788 (in mmolar concentrations) slightly reduced the early contractile dysfunction of the heart induced by ischemia, whereas ETA-selective PD155080 partially protected the rat heart on reperfusion., J. Dřímal, V. Knezl, J. Dřímal Jr , D. Dřímal, K. Bauerová , V. Kettmann, A.M. Doherty , M. Štefek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
33. Cardiovascular and hormonal changes with different angles of head-up tilt in men
- Creator:
- László, Z., Rössler, A., and Helmut Hinghofer-Szalkay
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, cardiopulmonary baroreceptors, thoracic electrical bioimpedance, blood volume, catecholamines, arginine vasopressin (AVP), 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The purpose of this study was to assess the endocrine status, thoracic impedance, blood concentration, and hemodynamic dose-responses using different angles of passive head-up tilt (HUT) ranging from 12° to 70° in the same subjects. Measurements were performed during 20 min supine position (pre-HUT), 30 min upright (HUT12, HUT30, HUT53, or HUT70), and 20 min supine (post-HUT); subjects 70 min in the supine position only (HUT0) served as resting controls. Norepinephrine increased above resting control values by 19, 44, 80, and 102 %; epinephrine by 30, 41, 64, and 68 %; aldosterone by 29, 62, 139, and 165 %; plasma renin activity n. s., 41, 91, and 89 %; vasopressin n.s., 27, 47, and 59 %; thoracic bioimpedance n. s., 8, 13, and 16 %; heart rate n. s., 5, 26, and 45 %, and mean arterial pressure n. s., 5, 7, and 10 %; at min 27 of HUT12, HUT30, HUT53, and HUT70, respectively. Pulse pressure decreased with HUT53 and HUT70 by 4 and 10 %. Hematocrit increased by 0.2, 1.7, 6.3, and 7.2 %, respectively. Blood density increased by 2.3 and 3.0 g/l, plasma density by 1.7 and 1.8 g/l with HUT53 and HUT70. After finishing HUT, heart rate fell to values which stayed below pre-HUT, and also below resting control levels for ł 5 min ("post-orthostatic bradycardia") even after the lowest orthostatic load (HUT12). Thoracic impedance and arterial pressure remained increased after terminating HUT30, HUT53, and HUT70. In conclusion, passive orthostatic loading of different extent produces specific dose-responses of different magnitude in the endocrine system, blood composition, thoracic impedance, and hemodynamic variables. The heart rate is depressed even after HUT12, while arterial blood pressure and thoracic impedance exceed pre-stimulus levels after greater head-up tilt, indicating altered cardiovascular response after passive orthostasis., Z. László, A. Rössler, H. G. Hinghofer-Szalkay., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
34. Catheter-based management of aortic valve regurgitation in experimental cardiology
- Creator:
- Jan Šochman and Jan H. Peregrin
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, kardiologie, experimentální medicína, katetrizace, physiology, cardiology, experimental medicine, catheterization, aortic valve regurgitation, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Non-surgical management of aortic valve disease has been given considerable attention. Several recent publications have already reported its use in clinical practice. The main issue is to get an understanding of the pathophysiological processes and, most importantly, extensive experimental activity. In addition to testing various animal models, technical and material aspects are also being intensively investigated. It is not clear yet whether the durability and applicability of this promising development will be comparable with the standard of current cardiac surgery. Nonetheless, even the use of some models as a temporary approach helping to improve the circulatory status, not allowing safe surgery, is certainly justified. At any rate, a new stage of research and clinical application has been set off. However, experimental background continues to be simply indispensable. The paper is a short review of the issue., J. Šochman, J. H. Peregrin., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
35. CD36 regulates fatty acid composition and sensitivity to insulin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
- Creator:
- Kontrová, K., Jarmila Zídková, Bartoš, B., Skop, V., Jiří Sajdok, Ludmila Kazdová, Mikulík, K., Petr Mlejnek, Václav Zídek, and Michal Pravenec
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, mastné kyseliny, inzulin, physiology, fatty acids, insulin, CD36, 3T3-L1 adipocyty, interference RNA, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, RNA interference, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- In the current study, we tested a hypothesis that CD36 fatty acid (FA) transporter might affect insulin sensitivity by indirect effects on FA composition of adipose tissue. We examined the effects of CD36 downregulation by RNA interference in 3T3-L1 adipocytes on FA transport and composition and on sensitivity to insulin action. Transfected 3T3-L1 adipocytes, without detectable CD36 protein, showed reduced neutral lipid levels and significant differences in FA composition when levels of essential FA and their metabolites were lower or could not be detected including gamma linolenic (C18:3 n6), eicosadienic (C20:2 n6), dihomo-gamma linolenic (C20:3 n6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (C20:5 n3), docosapentaenoic (DPA) (C22:5 n3), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) (C22:6 n3) FA. Transfected 3T3-L1 adipocytes exhibited a significantly higher n6/n3 FA ratio, reduced Δ5-desaturase and higher Δ9-desaturase activities. These lipid profiles were associated with a significantly reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (4.02±0.1 vs. 8.42±0.26 pmol.10-3 cells, P=0.001). These findings provide evidence that CD36 regulates FA composition thereby affecting sensitivity to insulin action in 3T3-L1 adipocytes., K. Kontrová, J. Zídková, B. Bartoš, V. Skop, J. Sajdok, L. Kazdová, K. Mikulík, P. Mlejnek, V. Zídek, M. Pravenec., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
36. Changes in smooth muscle cell pH during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: a possible role for ion transporters
- Creator:
- Madden, J. A., Kelelr, P. A., and Kleinman, J. G.
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) occurs in smooth muscle cells (SMC) from small pulmonary arteries (SPA) and is accompanied by increases in free cytoplasmic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and cytoplasmic pH (pHi). SMC from large pulmonary arteries (LPA) relax during hypoxia, and [Ca2+]i and pHi decrease. Increases in pHi and [Ca2+]i in cat SPA SMC during hypoxia and the augmentation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by alkalosis seen in isolated arteries and lungs suggest that cellular mechanisms, which regulate inward and outward movement of Ca2+ and H+, may participate in the generation of HPV. SMC transport systems that regulate pHi include the Na+-H+ transporter which regulates intracellular Na+ and H+ and aids in recovery from acid loads, and the Na+-dependent and Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- transporters which regulate intracellular chloride. The Na+-dependent Cl-/HCO3- transporter also aids in recovery from acidosis in the presence of CO2 and HCO3-. The Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- transporter aids in recovery from cellular alkalosis. The Na+-H+ transporter was present in SMC from SPA and LPA of the cat, but it seemed to have little if any role in regulating pHi in the presence of CO2 and HCO3-. Inhibiting the Cl-/HCO3- transporters reversed the normal direction of pHi change during hypoxia, suggesting a role for these transporters in the hypoxic response. Future studies to determine the interaction between pHi, [Ca2+]i and HPV should ascertain whether pHi and [Ca2+]i changes are linked and how they may interact to promote or inhibit SMC contraction., J. A. Madden, P. A. Keller, J. G. Kleinman., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
37. Changes of hippocampal neurons after perinatal exposure to ethanol
- Creator:
- Milotová, M., Vladimír Riljak, Kateřina Jandová, Jana Bortelová, Dana Marešová, Jaroslav Pokorný, and Miloš Langmeier
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, ethanol, neurodegenerace, apoptóza, physiology, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The effect of ethanol on the structural development of the central nervous system was studied in offspring of Wistar rats, drinking 20 % ethanol during pregnancy and till the 28th day of their postnatal life. The structural changes in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus were analyzed at the age of 18, 35 and 90 days. A lower width of pyramidal and granular cell layers, cell extinction and fragmentation of numerous nuclei were found in all experimental animals compared to control animals. The extent of neural cell loss was similar in all monitored areas and in all age groups. At the age of 18 and 35 days, the degenerating cells were observed in the CA1 and CA3 area of the hippocampus and in the ventral and dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus. Numerous glial cells replaced the neuronal population of this region. Some degenerating cells with fragmented nuclei were observed at the age of 90 days. Our experiments confirmed the vulnerability of the developing central nervous system by ethanol intake during the perinatal period and revealed a long-lasting degeneration process in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus., M. Milotová, V. Riljak, K. Jandová, J. Bortelová, D. Marešová, K. Pokorný, M. Langmeier., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
38. Changing concepts of the pulmonary plexiform lesion
- Creator:
- Alfred P. Fishman
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie, fyziologie, physiology, plexiform lesion, plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, primary pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary giogenesis, 14, and 612
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The plexiform lesion is the hallmark of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy, which accompanies severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Over the years, a wide variety of hypotheses have been offered to explain the pathogenesis of these glomoid structures. Most recently, the new techniques and concepts of molecular biology have been applied to the study of the plexiform lesion and have indicated that they are composed of phenotypically abnormal endothelial cells with different pathogenic origins in primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. The new approaches and concepts have suggested new vistas for exploration., A. P. Fishman., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
39. Characteristics of the compensatory renal growth of the remnant embryonic chick kidneys
- Creator:
- Klusoňová, P. and Zdeňka Zemanová
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- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika, fyziologie, embryologie, ledviny, physiology, embryology, kidneys, chick embryo, unilateral renal agenesis, remnant mesonephros, compensatory renal growth, DNA/protein ratio, 2, and 577
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Growth of the remnant embryonic kidney (the mesonephros), as expressed by wet weight, was more rapid in the chick embryos with experimentally induced unilateral renal agenes is compared to controls. The difference was significant between embryonic days 8-12, when the doubled weights of remnant kidneys were increased compared with the weights of paired control kidneys. The excessive growth of the mesonephros ceased on day 14, when the normal physiological regression of the embryonic kidney begins. In the definitive kidney, the metanephros, no significant differences in weights of the control vs. remnant metanephros were found on days 10-14. The characteristics of increased mesonephric growth were evaluated by determination of DNA/protein ratios in homogenates of the kidneys. Significant cellular hypertrophy was found in both the mesonephros and metanephros of the embryos with URA on day 10. Additionally, a non-significant cellular hyperplasia was also revealed in the remnant mesonephros on day 8. This gives evidence that the growth stimuli to the mesonephroi were probably strongest between days 8-10 and that they manifested in the remnant mesonephros only. and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
40. Chronic atropine administration diminishes the contributon of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to heart rate regulation
- Creator:
- Jitka Kuncová, Faitová, Š., Capouch, J., Milan Štengl, and Jana Slavíková
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- Type:
- article, články, model:article, and TEXT
- Subject:
- Experimentální medicína, fyziologie, polypeptidy, srdeční síně, potkan, physiology, polypeptides, atria of heart, Rattus norvegicus, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, atropine, vagus nerve stimulation, 14, and 616-092
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is implicated in the modulation of vagal effects on the heart rate. In this study, the impact of acute and chronic atropine administration on VIP levels in rat heart atria was investigated in relation to heart rate in the course of vagus nerves stimulation. Anaesthetised control and atropinised (10 mg/kg/day for 10 days) rats pretreated with metipranolol and phentolamine that were either given or not a single dose of atropine were subjected to bilateral vagus nerve stimulation (30 min: 0.7 mA, 20 Hz, 0.2 ms). VIP concentrations in the atria were determined afte reach stimulation protocol. In control rats with or without single atropine administration, the heart rate upon vagal stimulation was higher than in atropinised animals with or without single atropine dose, respectively. VIP concentrations in the control atria were significantly decreased after the stimulation; the decrease was comparable both in the absence and presence of a single dose of atropine. Compared to controls, VIP levels were significantly decreased after chronic atropine treatment and they were not further reduced by vagal stimulation and single atropine administration. Administration of VIP antagonist completely abolished the differences in the heart rate upon vagal stimulation between control and atropinised groups. In conclusion, the data indicate that chronic atropine administration affects VIP synthesis in rat heart atria and consequently it modifies the heart rate regulation., J. Kuncová, Š. Faitová, J. Capouch, M. Štengl, J. Slavíková., and Obsahuje bibliografii a bibliografické odkazy
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public