This paper considers a distributed state estimation problem for multi-agent systems under state inequality constraints. We first give a distributed estimation algorithm by projecting the consensus estimate with help of the consensus-based Kalman filter (CKF) and projection on the surface of constraints. The consensus step performs not only on the state estimation but also on the error covariance obtained by each agent. Under collective observability and connective assumptions, we show that consensus of error covariance is bounded. Based on the Lyapunov method and projection, we provide and prove convergence conditions of the proposed algorithm and demonstrate its effectiveness via numerical simulations.
The proportional light absorptance by photosynthetic tissue (α) is used with chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence methods to calculate electron transport rate (ETR). Although a value of α of 0.84 is often used as a standard for calculating ETR, many succulent plant species and species with crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have photosynthetic tissues that vary greatly in color or are highly reflective, and could have values of α that differ from 0.84, thus affecting the calculation of ETR. We measured ETR using Chl fluorescence and α using an integrating sphere in 58 plant species to determine the importance of applying a measured value of α when calculating ETR. Values of α varied from 0.55-0.92 with a mean of 0.82 across species. Differences between ETR values calculated with measured α values ranged from 53% lower to 12% greater than ETR values calculated with a standard α value of 0.84 and were significantly different in 39 out of 58 species. While measurements of ETR using Chl fluorescence represent a rapid and effective assessment of physiological performance, the value of α needs to be considered. Measurements of α, especially on species with light-colored or reflective photosynthetic tissue, will allow more accurate determination of photosynthesis in succulent and CAM species. and J. A. Stemke, L. S. Santiago
The paper presents the results of the study of the sediments deposition process in a settling basin by using a k-ε turbulence model. The results obtained are than compared with the results obtained by using 1 and 2 D mathematical models and field measurements. In the first step, the settling basin is designed based on the formulae recommended by classical approach. The transition zone at the entrance of settling basin is then adjusted to satisfy more uniform flow at the beginning of the active zone. The flow velocity variation and bed shear stress distribution over the cross section area are furthermore analyzed and questions suggesting further development of mathematical models are identified. For the second step, a schematized settling basin is then modelled in three-dimensional laterally confined model for the purpose of dealing with turbulences that potentially bring more sediment to the side and to the end of settling basin. Finally, recommendations for the design of settling basin are given by analyzing the results obtained by both mathematical and empirical methods. By comparison of the results obtained and field measurements made in Indonesia, useful design recommendations are derived. and Príspevok obsahuje výsledky štúdia sedimentačného procesu v usadzovacej nádrži s využitím modelu turbulencie k-ε. Takto získané výsledky sú porovnané s tými, ktoré boli získané pomocou jedno- a dvojdimenzionálneho modelu a s terénnymi meraniami. Najskôr bol sedimentačný bazén navrhnutý pomocou klasických vzorcov. Prechodová zóna a vstup do usadzovacieho bazénu bol potom upravený tak, aby zabezpečil relatívne homogénne prúdenie na začiatku aktívnej zóny. Boli analyzované zmeny rýchlosti prúdenia a rozdelenie trecích napätí na dne v priečnych rezoch koryta a boli identifikované problémy, ktoré by umožnili ďalší vývoj matematických modelov tohto javu. V ďalšom kroku bol modelovaný schematizovaný usadzovací bazén ako trojrozmerný, na oboch stranách ohraničený model, aby sa dalo manipulovať s turbulenciou, ktorá by mohla potenciálne dopraviť viac sedimentov na strany a na koniec sedimentačnej nádrže. Nakoniec uvádzame odporúčania pre návrh sedimentačných nádrží, vychádzajúc z výsledkov využitia matematických aj emprických metód. Porovnaním týchto výsledkov s výsledkami terénnych meraní v Indonézii boli navrhnuté užitočné odporúčania.
The principle, relevant theory and properties of the considered actual light reflectance digital imaging colorimetry by means of a suitable three-channel (3CCD) digital color camera are described in the present article. These aspects relate to the chosen commonly acceptable idealized linear model of camera color operations with respect to the standard observer and camera spectral response functions, spectral power density of the illuminant and spectral reflectance of the color sample surface at each pixel location in the camera image plane. The introduced optimal mathematical expressions of analytical and matrix forms relate to the CIE tristimulus color coordinates (X, Y, Z), the camera (R, G, B) digital output color data and the spectral reflectance of a color sample. Their useful relationships are ensured by exploitation of a suitable mean-squares approximation. The linearly combined solutions, proposed in this article, are a useful extension of other approaches in branches dealing with light reflectance color samples. and Prezentovaný článek popisuje princip, příslušnou teorii a vlastnosti uvažované současné světloodrazivé digitální zobrazovací kolorimetrie využívající vhodnou tříkanálovou (3CCD) digitální barevnou kameru. Tato hlediska se vztahují ke zvolenému obvykle přijatelnému idealizovanému lineárnímu modelu kamerových činností se zřetelem k spektrálním funkcím odezvy standardního pozorovatele a kamery, spektrální hustotě výkonu osvětlovače a spektrální odrazivosti povrchu barevného vzorku pro každou pixelovou polohu v obrazové rovině kamery. Zavedené optimální matematické výrazy v analytických a maticových formách se vztahují k CIE třístimulačním barevných souřadnicím (X, Y, Z), výstupním barevným datům (R, G, B)CCD kamery a spektrální odrazivosti barevného vzorku. Jejich užitečné závislosti jsou zajištěny využitím aproximační metody minima středních kvadratických odchylek. Lineárně kombinovaná řešení, navržená v tomto článku, jsou užitečným rozšířením jiných přístupů v odvětvích s reflexními barevnými vzorky.
L’article est consacré à la fibule-pectoral de Želenice, découverte en 1843 et devenue depuis un des objets emblématiques de la recherche archéologique de la Bohême. On propose d’y retrouver une formule de gestion du calendrier luni-solaire, documentée jusqu’ici seulement par une dalle gravée de Knowth en Irlande, du IVe millénaire av. J.-C., un pectoral de Slovaquie de la fin du IIe millénaire et le calendrier gallo-romain de Coligny, du IIe siècle après J.-C. La recherche de son origine s’appuie sur une fibule de Sanzeno (Italie), très proche par la complexité de sa construction et certains détails techniques. Elle suggère une origine centre-alpine de la première moitié du Ve siècle av. J.-C. plutôt que balkanique. and Considerations about the meaning and the origin of the pectoral-brooch from Želenice in Bohemia. The pectoral-brooch from Želenice, discovered in 1843, is one of the most illustrated and discussed Iron age archeological discoveries from Bohemia. A new research, based on a Late bronze age pectoral from Slovakia, indicates a symbolic representation of the measure to correct the difference between lunar and solar year (two supplementary months every five years). Before, only three evidences are known: an engraving on stone slab from Knowth in Ireland, from the fourth millenium B.C., the Slovak pectoral, dated around 1200 B.C., and the calendar of Coligny, second century A.D. The origin of the pectoral-brooch from Želenice, now dated in the fifth century B.C., seems to be central alpine area rather than Balkans.
Similar to other advanced semiotic systems, we differ three aspects in the magic fairy-tale - creation The study deals with the analysis of the source Consignatio Processionum ex Decanatibus Parochii in Marchionatus Moravia existencibus annue Duci Solitarum (1771, written in Latin and deposited in the archive funds of the Olomouc Consistory, which brings knowledge concerning pilgrim activities in Moravia, or, more precisely, in the diocese of Olomouc in 1771. The source lists 448 locations in total, from which people made collective pilgrimages or processions, several villages from one parish frequently setting off on a common pilgrimage. On the basis of the analysis of Consignatio processionum [...] we can find out that during 1771, pilgrims from the whole of the diocese of Olomouc set off on journeys to 328 places. Out of these 328 places, 91 were places of pilgrimage of varying importance (including places abroad), in further 70 places we cannot claim with certainty that we deal with a place of pilgrimage of local importance, or if people made a pilgrimage there in connection with the church or chapel patronal feast day. On the basis of the established data, we can form an idea about the density of the pilgrim traffic, the number of the places visited, or for example the destinations of the pilgrims beyond the borders of Moravia (whether Polish Częstochowa, Hungarian Šaštín, or Styrian Mariazell), and a number of other factors connected with carrying out collective pilgrimages.
A robust version of the Ordinary Least Squares accommodating the idea of weighting the order statistics of the squared residuals (rather than directly the squares of residuals) is recalled and its properties are studied. The existence of solution of the corresponding extremal problem and the consistency under heteroscedasticity is proved.
After the accession of several Central and Eastern European countries to the European Union in 2004, new challenges arose for their highest judicial institutions to define and shape the relationship between the national and European legal order. This paper assesses the first decade of the effort of the Slovak Constitutional Court (SCC) in interpreting the relationship between domestic and EU law via applying the concept of constitutional pluralism which presumes a specific relationship between the legal orders characterized by their heterarchical structure, mutual interaction and cooperation rather than of a hierarchical, monistic structure, governed by clash over dominance. Answering the research question how the SCC has positioned itself vis-à-vis the constitutional monism v. pluralism dilemma can offer an insight on the general relationship between domestic and EU law in Slovakia. By analysing statutory law, selected judgments and reviewing secondary literature, the paper argues that the SCC seems to have chosen the monistic, hierarchical approach to the relationship, having rejected constitutional pluralism. At the same time, this position is not articulated clearly enough due to the veil of secrecy that to some extent still prevails over the SCC’s doctrinal attitudes to EU law. The findings of the paper, which combines conceptual analysis of constitutional pluralism with review of relevant legal provisions and case law, demonstrate the need for a more active and straightforward approach of the SCC when dealing with the challenges of EU law., Max Steuer., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the heart have been shown to display agonist-independent spontaneous (constitutive) activity which causes changes in the opening of cardiac ion channels and in the activity of G proteins. We investigated whether an inhibition of the constitutive activity of muscarinic receptors induced by the binding of antagonist brings about a change in the synthesis of cyclic AMP in rat cardiac membranes, and whether the action of the antagonist is stereospecific. Atropine and S-(-)-hyoscyamine were indeed found to enhance the forskolin-stimulated synthesis of cyclic AMP in rat cardiac (both atrial and ventricular) membranes by up to 24%. The effect was stereospecific and the potency of R-(+)-hyoscyamine was 30 fold lower than that of the S-(-) enantiomer, confirming that the action of hyoscyamine is receptor-mediated. The effect did not depend on the presence of endogenous acetylcholine in the system used. The results strongly suggest that the adenylyl cyclase in the heart is exposed to continuous mild inhibition by constitutively active muscarinic receptors in the membranes of cardiomyocytes., J. Říčný, F. Gualtieri, S. Tuček., and Obsahuje bibliografii