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692. Informal practices in housing financialisation: the transformation of an allotment garden in Hungary
- Creator:
- Gagyi, Ágnes and Vigvari, Andras
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- home ownership, homelessness and social exclusion, housing finance, migration, residential mobility and housing policy, East European housing, and poverty neghbourhoods
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Although financialization of housing is well known global concept, in our paper we attempt to present how financialization produces new spaces and household practises in a Central Eastern European semipheripheral context. We approach this framework through an anthropological investigation, the transformation of allotment gardens what we consider as a combination of social and spatial transformations after the 1990s. In our case study we are curious how different waves of financialization influence the formation of the transformation of an informal housing space and how informal practices of the households could be an agency against financialization.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
693. Informality and affordability: approaches from the global south and opportunities for the global north
- Creator:
- Can, Aysegul
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- comparative housing policy, land markets and housing policy, and globalisation
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- The changing world economy since the 1970s and the decrease in welfare and deregulation in the Global North have led to an inefficient and declining stock of affordable housing. In the Global South, the need to economically catch up with the Global North has led to a lack of sustainable affordable housing policies. Social and affordable housing policies in the Global South have been either non-existent or very inefficient. The aim of this short paper is to start a discussion (and contribute to the existing ones) on how the social dynamics of informal settlements may be a source of new approaches to the provision of affordable housing in the Global North and South. Despite their illegal status and characterisation as urban blight, informal settlements are frequently illustrative examples of collaborative processes in the areas of planning and development that depend on the social connections and relationships among squatter households.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
694. Informovaný souhlas u osob se sníženou schopností rozhodování
- Creator:
- Doležal, Adam
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- Informed consent, competence, capacity, mental capacity, legal capacity, bioethics, Informovaný souhlas, kompetence, způsobilost k právnímu jednání, svéprávnost, and bioetika
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- This article deals with the issue of competence of so-called vulnerable persons and the possibility of making valid informed consent. The theory of competence is here perceived as a task oriented competence. Subsequently, the capacity of the patient to give informed consent is analyzed. Here, the difference between the so-called general competence and specific competence is analyzed, as well as the difference between degree conception of competence and threshold conception of competence. The relation between competence and consequences of performed medical procedure is also specified. Finally, the article describes how these theoretical approaches are reflected in medical as well as legal practice. and Tento článek se zabývá problematikou kompetence tzv. vulnerabilních osob a možnosti učinit validní informovaný souhlas. V článku je řešena nejprve teorie kompetence, která je vnímaná jako kompetence k plnění určitého úkolu (task oriented competence). Následně je rozebírána přímo kompetence pacienta k udělení informovanému souhlasu. Rozebrán je rozdíl mezi tzv. obecnou kompetencí a specifickou kompetencí, dále rozdíl mezi stupňovitou kompetencí a kompetencí hraniční. Specifikován je i poměr mezi kompetencí a následky provedeného zdravotního výkonu. Konečně je pak popsáno, jak se tyto teoretické přístupy odrážejí do medicínské, ale i právní praxe.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
695. Informovaný souhlas: morální kouzlo a přenos informací
- Creator:
- Adam Doležal
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- zdravotnické právo, bioetika, informovaný souhlas, informed consent (medical law), svobodná vůle, free will, medical law, bioethics, medicínská etika, kompetence, competence, voluntariness, 16, and 34
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Tento článek se zabývá institutem informovaného souhlasu, zásadního právního i etického institutu v oblasti medicíny. Zkoumána je jeho etymologie, jeho ontologický status, jeho normativní síla a konečně i jeho charakteru jako komunikačního aktu. Text má prokázat tezi, že informovaný souhlas je komunikačním aktem - nikoliv pouhým mentálním stavem - který má za určitých podmínek normativní sílu. Tato normativní síla se plně projeví pouze v případě splnění základních podmínek: dostatečného poučení, dostatečného porozumění, svobodné a vážné vůle a kompetence pacienta., This article deals with the institute of informed consent, a fundamental legal and ethical institute in the field of medicine. Its etymology, ontological status, its normative power and, finally, its character as a communication act are studied. The text shows that informed consent is a communicative act - not just an inner mental state and that it has significant normative power. This normative power is manifesting itself only when certain conditions are met: sufficient disclosure, sufficient understanding, voluntariness and competence of the patient., and Adam Doležal.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
696. Informovaný souhlas: problematika rozsahu poučení pacienta o rizicích spojených s navrhovanou léčbou
- Creator:
- Smrž, Ivo
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- zdravotnické právo, bioetika, informovaný souhlas, svobodná vůle, medical law, bioethics, free will, poučení o rizicích, rozsah, omezení, risk information, extent, limitation, 16, and 34
- Language:
- Czech
- Description:
- Článek se zaměřuje na analýzu přístupu vybraných zahraničních právních řádů (Německo, Spojené státy americké), českého právního řádu a projektu DCFR k problematice rozsahu poučení pacienta o rizicích spojených s navrhovanou léčbou. Článek se rovněž snaží zodpovědět otázku, zda je vůbec možné a vhodné rozsah rizik, o nichž je třeba pacienta informovat, konkrétně vymezit, a pokud ano, jakým způsobem., The article is focused on the analysis of the approach of particular foreign legal orders (Germany, USA) as well as the Czech legal order and the DCFR project to the issue of the extent of disclosure of risk information. The article also seeks to answer the question whether or not it is possible and appropriate to define the extent of disclosure of risk information specifically and if so, how., and Ivo Smrž.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
697. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase downregulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and decreases brain injury in a cardiac arrest rat model
- Creator:
- Yuan, Zhang-Li, Zhang, Zong-Xiang, Mo, Yan-Zi, Li, De-Li, Xie, Lu, and Chen, Meng-Hua
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and PD98059
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is the predominant cause of neurological disability after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR). The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs)-induced apoptosis plays an important role in neuronal survival/death in CIRI. Our previous studies reported that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor, PD98059, alleviates CIRI after CA/CPR. Whether ERs-induced apoptosis is involved in the neuroprotection of PD98059 remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the effects of ERK inhibition by PD98059 on ERs-induced apoptosis after CIRI in the CA/CPR rat model. The baseline characteristics of male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in all groups were evaluated before CA/CPR. The SD rats that survived from CA/CPR were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=12/group): normal saline group (1 ml/kg), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, the solvent of PD98059, 1 ml/kg) group, PD98059 group (0.3 mg/kg). Another 12 SD rats were randomly selected as the Sham group. Twenty-four hours after resuscitation, neural injury was assessed by survival rate, neurological deficit scores (NDS) and Nissl staining; apoptosis of brain cells was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining; mRNA expression and protein levels of ERs-related protein BIP, PERK, ATF4 and CHOP were checked with RT-PCR and Western Blot. The results showed that there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics before CA/CPR among all groups. PD98059 significantly improved survival rate and NDS, increased the Nissl bodies in neurons, reduced apoptosis, downregulated the mRNA transcription and expression levels of BIP, PERK, ATF4 and CHOP at 24 h after CA/CPR. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of ERK by PD98059 alleviates ERs-induced apoptosis via BIP-PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway and mitigates CIRI in the CA/CPR rat model.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
698. Inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules and exhaustion of T cells in COVID-19
- Creator:
- Barnova, Martina, Bobcakova, Anna, Urdova, Veronika, Kosturiak, Radovan, Kapustova, Lenka, Dobrota, Dusan, and Jesenak, Milos
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- inhibitory checkpoint molecules, T cell exhaustion, COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2), which belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus. It was first identified in patients with severe respiratory disease in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It mainly affects the respiratory system, and in severe cases causes serious lung infection or pneumonia, which can lead to the death of the patient. Clinical studies show that SARS-CoV-2 infection in critical cases causes acute tissue damage due to a pathological immune response. The immune response to a new coronavirus is complex and involves many processes of specific and non-specific immunity. Analysis of available studies has shown various changes, especially in the area of specific cellular immunity, including lymphopenia, decreased T cells (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), changes in the T cell compartment associated with symptom progression, deterioration of the condition and development of lung damage. We provide a detailed review of the analyses of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 CTLA-4, TIGIT, BTLA, CD223, IDO-1 and VISTA on exhausted T cells in patients with asymptomatic to symptomatic stages of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, this review may help to better understand the pathological T cell immune response and improve the design of therapeutic strategies for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public
699. Insight into the species diversity of the quill mite genus Betasyringophiloidus Skoracki, 2011 (Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) on the basis of the DNA barcodes
- Creator:
- Glowska, Eliza, Broda, Lukasz, and Dabert, Miroslawa
- Format:
- print, počítač, and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- parazitické organismy, ptáci, parasitic organisms, birds, cryptic species, bird parasites, molecular taxonomy, DNA-barcoding, COI, 2, and 59
- Language:
- English
- Description:
- Betasyringophiloidus Skoracki, 2011 is a genus of quill mites (Prostigmata: Syringophilidae) that is believed to contain mono-, steno- and polyxenous parasites associated with a wide range of passerine birds (Passeriformes) across the world. In this work we applied the DNA-barcode marker (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene fragment, COI) to verify whether Betasyringophiloidus schoeniclus (Skoracki, 2002) and Betasyringophiloidus seiuri (Clark, 1964) are actual steno- and polyxenous species associated with the currently recognised host ranges, or their populations are highly host-specific, cryptic species. Our results revealed that a population living on the Tristram's bunting Emberiza tristrami Swinhoe (Emberizidae) in Russia, so far classified as B. schoeniclus, is a new cryptic species Betasyringophiloidus emberizae sp. nov. Both topologies of the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees as well as genetic distance (11.9% Kimura 2-parameter distance) (K2P) support species status of the mite population from E. tristrami. The same data support previously established conspecific status of B. seiuri found on the ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla (Linnaeus) (Parulidae) (type host) and the northern waterthrush Parkesia noveboracensis (Gmelin) (Parulidae) and expand its range with a population found on a new host species Icterus pustulatus (Wagler) (Icteridae) with intraspecific K2P distance up to 1.9% and interpopulation distances ranging from 1.3 to 3.1%., Eliza Glowska, Lukasz Broda, Miroslawa Dabert., and Obsahuje bibliografii
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ and policy:public
700. Insights into nanoparticle-induced changes in plant photosynthesis
- Creator:
- Ghorbanpour, M., Movahedi, A., Hatami, M., Kariman, K., Bovand, F., and Shahid, M.A.
- Format:
- počítač and online zdroj
- Type:
- model:article and TEXT
- Subject:
- chlorophyll, chloroplast, nanoparticles, and photosynthesis
- Language:
- Multiple languages
- Description:
- Photosynthesis can be affected by nanoparticles (NPs) both negatively (e.g., through decreasing the chlorophyll content and electron transport rate, damages to chloroplast components, etc.) or positively (e.g., via enhancing chlorophyll content, the activity of Rubisco enzyme, the performance of PSII, and CO2 harvesting, as well as broadening the chloroplast photoabsorption spectrum). Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency could be a possible impact of NPs on photosynthetic organisms of major economic and ecological significance (e.g., crops and algae), which warrants an in-depth understanding of NPs interactions with chloroplast and its structural components (e.g., thylakoid membranes), signaling molecules, and pathways involved in photosynthesis. In this review, we comprehensively explore the potential effects of NPs on photosynthesis in different photosynthetic organisms (terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, and algae), and highlight research limitations and possible practical implications.
- Rights:
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ and policy:public