The number of copies of Wyclif's Latin works that derive from Bohemia and are mostly preserved now in Prague and Vienna is familiar ground. The evidence for the scrutiny of those works is less frequently mentioned: very extensive indexes were provided in Bohemia for many of the longer works, together with a catalogue of 115 items by Wyclif, listing titles, incipits and explicits and the number of books and chapters for each. Even more remarkable are the copies of the writings of some of Wyclif's English followers, though some of these followers were in correspondence with Bohemian fellows, some of the texts narrate entirely English affairs that would seem of little interest so far away. The paper surveys these manuscripts and notes the questions that they raise. and Anne Hudson.
This article focuses on military handbooks from the first half of the 17th century placed in the collections of the Military History Institute Prague. In the introduction, it summarises the history and structure of the collection of early printed books in the library under study. After that, it characterises the set of the handbooks i.a. in terms of their topic, the language and the publisher’s provenance, as well as format. Its main aim is to analyse the frontispieces and engraved title pages of these publications with regard to the iconographic motifs that are usually depicted on them. The final part of the work outlines the possibilities of using the frontispieces and engraved title pages of the studied publications as iconographic sources in historiography and it places the title illustrations of the military handbooks in a wider context., Klára Andresová., Obsahuje anglický abstrakt a shrnutí., and Obsahuje bibliografii
In addition to providing subsistence and consumable resources, one of the most important features of water is the ability to provide transport and communication between geographically separated areas. In both uses, vehicles play a key role. While current research into boats and ships on the seas is relatively well recognised, recent results in the area of inland waterways seem to be barely taken into account in current investigations. Too foten scientist have to rely on an otdate state of research, but in fact several findings have laterl been re-edited and presented. This article provides an updated look at the subject of inland navigation in the Early and Hig Middle Ages and focuses especially on current pbuliactions or those that are difficult to obtain. Further, an overview on the state of research in neighbouring countries is offered, thereby presenting a fuller view of the subject´s potentional., Lars Kröger., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Tato studie se zabývá dvěma spřízněnými jevy odehrávajícími se ve vědeckém prostředí. Jedná se o fenomén frustrace ve vědecké praxi a s ním spojenou touhu po rozpoznání vlastního výzkumu vědeckou komunitou a ná- sledně o otázku uznání od akademického společenství. Zmíněné fenomény jsou přitom úzce propojeny s ústředním tématem fi losofi e a sociologie vědy: kdo rozhoduje, co bude předmětem vědeckého bádání? Předkládaná studie nejprve představuje Mertonův mýtus o okamžitém rozpoznání vědeckého objevu a následně prostřednictvím exkurzu do oblasti ekonomie a na příkladech z vědecké praxe (zejména na životech Karla Poppera a Michaela Faradaye) poukazuje na jeho neplatnost. V závěru textu jsou společně s jejich dekonstrukcí navrhnuta možná řešení popsaných problémů. Text je také kritickým návratem ke dvěma studiím Josepha Agassiho, žáka Karla R. Poppera a tvrdošíjného zastánce kritického racionalismu, neboť právě Agassi ve svých dílech rozebírá dopady vědeckého vyloučení a neochoty naslouchat., This study deals with two related phenomena that take place in scientific environment. The first one under review is the frustration in scientific practice which is closely associated with the desire for recognition of our own research by the scientific community. Both of these phenomena are strongly tied to the problematic aspect of recognition given by the academic community. The aforementioned occurrences are yet closely linked with the central theme of philosophy and sociology of science: who decides what will be subjected to the scientific inquiry? The article deals with Merton’s myth of immediate recognition in scientific discovery and for its deep analysis uses the excursion into economic field. Text further points out on malfunction of the described Mertonian myth in contemporary science by the use of examples from scientific practice (mainly from the lives of Karl Popper and Michael Faraday). Final argument proposes solutions to described problems together with their deconstruction. The text also represents a critical review of two studies by Joseph Agassi, a stubborn supporter of critical rationalism. Because it was Agassi, a loyal disciple of Karl Popper, who discussed in detail the implications of scientific exclusion and unwillingness to listen., and Ondřej Sloup.
The study offers a basic overview of the manuscripts of the ars memorativa treatises in late medieval Czech lands. On the basis of the surviving evidence it is possible to prove that during the 15th century this ancient art (however suspicious and cumbersome it may seem today) was known and practiced here. It coexisted with general (often primarily medical) set of advices on efficient studying some of which openly criticize the art of memory for being too impractical. Besides copies of Italian and West European art of memory models, there is a number of these treatises and shorter treatments of the art composed in the Czech lands. Each of them includes specific features and innovations not encountered elsewhere. The manuscript context of ars memorativa shows that it was not seen as a part of rhetoric theory intended for a restricted number of intellectuals but as a means of storing and recuperating important information actively used especially by students and preachers. and Lucie Doležalová.
The question of whether a government works well or poorly is not just a matter of concern for the citizens of whatever region that government governs; it is also of interest to scientists and analysts in a variety of fields. However, information about a government's performance is of use to the government itself. This article tries to answer the question of how government performance can be measured. It is impossible to come up with a generally acceptable and universal system of performance measurement, but the dozens of ways of measuring government performance can essentially be divided into four groups. The first group of approaches uses indicators of the socio-economic development in the governed area to measure a government's performance. The second group of approaches comprises attempts to measure government performance by means of a subjective evaluation by citizens of the governed territory or by various experts. The third group of approaches includes all attempts at measuring government performance that focus on procedural and institutional effectiveness and the quality of government performance. The last group is made up of attempts to measure government performance with the aid of aggregate indexes, which are mathematical-statistical aggregates of subindicators representing various forms of government activity, the conditions in the territory governed by the government, and a subjective evaluation of government performance by citizens, by the people in government themselves, and by various experts. Individual sub-indicators characterise various types of government activity, and it is their aggregate that measures overall government performance.