The lung-dwelling nematode Rhabdias engelbrechti sp. n. was found in five of eight examined banded rubber frogs in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The species is differentiated from species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 occurring in the Afrotropical Realm based on the presence of a globular cuticular inflation at the anterior end, the buccal capsule walls being distinctly divided into anterior and posterior parts, the buccal capsule size (6-9 μm × 16-18 μm), and the body length (3.8-6.1 mm). Rhabdias engelbrechti is the tenth species of the genus found in Afrotropical anurans. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the complete sequences of the ITS region and partial sequences of large subunit (28S) gene of the nuclear ribosomal RNA demonstrates that the new species is more closely related to the Eurasian species Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) than to two other species from sub-Saharan Africa represented in the tree. In addition, partial sequences of the mitochondrial protein coding cox1 and ribosomal 12S genes of the new species have shown significant differences from all previously published sequences of these genes from African species of Rhabdias., Yuriy Kuzmin, Ali Halajian, Sareh Tavakol, Wilmien J. Luus-Powell, Vasyl V. Tkach., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Desenzitizace a zpracování pomocí očních pohybů (EMDR) představuje terapeutickou metodu pro léčbu posttraumatické stresové poruchy s empiricky ověřovanou účinností. Výzkumy ukázaly, že EMDR snižuje živost a emocionalitu autobiografických vzpomínek a redukuje psychofyziologické nabuzení vlivem na autonomní nervový systém. Hypotézy o mechanismu účinku EMDR předpokládají aktivaci orientační reakce, procesů duální pozornosti a procesy analogické REM fázi spánku. Předpokládá se, že EMDR vyvolává funkční neurobiologické změny, které zefektivňují zpracování informací v centrální nervové soustavě, především u jedinců s posttraumatickou stresovou poruchou., Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) represents a promising approach to treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. The empirical findings provide evidence for the effect of EMDR on decreasing of subjectively perceived vividness and emotional burden of autobiographic memories and on reducing arousal of the autonomic nervous system by shifting the balance towards parasympathetic activation. Recent hypotheses suggest that the effects of EMDR rely on neurobiological mechanisms employed in dual focus attention, orienting reflex and REM sleep. This reprocessing seems to provoke a specific neurobiological response that makes the information processing in central nervous system more efficient, particularly in individuals with PTSD., Hana Vojtová, Petr Bob, Radek Ptáček., and Obsahuje seznam literatury