Práce informuje o literárních údajích z neuropsychologické literatury a popisuje situaci hlavně v USA, Austrálii, Anglii, Německu a Španělsku. Výzkum a praxe především v posledních dvaceti letech přinesly podstatný pokrok a došlo k vypracování řady kvalitních metod. Jde o problém významný nejen pro forenzní neuropsychologii, ale také pro běžnou klinickou psychologickou praxi. Zkoumání validity odpovědí by se mělo stát i v ČR podstatnou součástí neuropsychologického a psychologického posuzování, umožňuje zpřesňovat nálezy, a tím zlepšovat diagnostiku a další práci s pacienty nebo klienty. Jsou dále podány informace o autorem vyzkoušených metodách., The paper brings information concerning the literary figures from neuropsychological bibli-ography and describes namely the situation in the U.S.A.. Australia, England. Germany, and Spain. The research and practice especially in last twenty years brought essential progress and many high quality methods were elaborated. The problem is significant not only for the fo-rensic neuropsychology but also for the ordinary clinical practice. The examination of validity of responses should become the substantial part of neuropsychological and psychological assess-ment in the Czech Republic, too. It enables to make the findings more precise and thereby to Improve the diagnostics and further work with patients or clients. The information about meth-ods examined by the author is also presented., Jan Preiss., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Účinná detekce elektronů ve všech typech elektronových mikroskopů je základním předpokladem pro získávání kvalitní informace o povaze zkoumaného vzorku a dosažení vyššího rozlišení detailů na povrchu vzorku. Tento přehledový článek shrnuje výsledky, které byly dosaženy v oblasti detekce signálních elektronů, zejména sekundárních a zpětně odražených elektronů, v rastrovacích elektronových mikroskopech. Podává charakteristiku obrazu tvořeného sekundárními a zpětně odraženými elektrony a soustřeďuje se především na scintilačně-fotonásobičové systémy. Uvádí přehled detekčních metod používaných v mikroskopech střední a vyšší třídy a v mikroskopech s nízkou energií primárního elektronového svazku při jejich dopadu na vzorek., Rudolf Autrata, Bohumila Lencová, Vilém Neděla., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Článek popisuje konstrukci polovodičových detektorů jednotlivých fotonů a jejich použití při velmi přesných měřeních vzdáleností a přenosu přesného času v kosmických projektech. Detektory vyvinuté v posledních třiceti letech na Českém vysokém učení technickém v Praze úspěšně pracují v laboratořích po celém světě i na palubě pěti kosmických sond., The construction of single photon semiconductor detectors is described in this paper together with their applications for high precision laser ranging and for laser time transfer in space projects. Detectors developed at the Czech Technical University in Prague over the last three decades are successfully operated on board of 5 satellites and in many labs worldwide., Ivan Procházka, Josef Blažej., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
The aim of our study was to investigate adrenocortical function in the context of disease activity and inflammatory status in premenopausal RA females. Adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen responses to the 1 μg ACTH 1-24 test were investigated in 23 premenopausal RA and in 15 age- and BMI-matched healthy females. Twelve RA patients were on low-dose prednisone (<8.5 mg/day). Patients with DAS28>3.2 had lower (p<0.05) total plasma cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione responses in the ACTH test compared to healthy controls. Patients with DAS28>3.2 had lower (p<0.05) dehydroepiandrosterone response in the ACTH test compared to patients with DAS28≤3.2. C-reactive protein (CRP), DAS28, and interleukin (IL)-6 negatively correlated with androstenedione response to ACTH 1-24. Responses of all measured adrenal steroids were lower (p<0.05) in patients on low-dose glucocorticoids compared to healthy controls. RA patients not treated with glucocorticoids had lower total cortisol response (p=0.038) but did not differ in free plasma cortisol in the ACTH test. The results indicate an association of increased disease activity with a decrease in adrenal androgen production in RA and normal cortisol bioavailability in patients not treated with glucocorticoids., R. Imrich, M. Vlcek, J. Kerlik, M. Vogeser, F. Kirchhoff, A. Penesova, Z. Radikova, J. Lukac, J. Rovensky., and Obsahuje bibliografii
There were two or more types of headship succession and inheritance practices in traditional, early modem, Japan, and also within any given village as exhibited in the village studied here. The population of a village, Yukinobu, was a heterogeneous one. In particular, there were clear differences between the dozoku and other families. Even within the dozoku families, the family strategies and inheritance practices varied. Population growth also played a decisive role in determining succession and inheritance practices. Because of this growth, the number of households could increase, and thus the opportunity to thrive would increase for individuals of both sexes insofar as local resources could sustain the population. Females would surely have more favourable survival chances than males if the number of households, and thus the number of opportunities to become housewives were balanced with the number of women in the population. Almost all of the family strategies concerning inheritance practices were shaped by demographic conditions and consequences, and also by economic and natural environmental conditions and changes to those conditions. Together, these sets of conditions promoted a distinctive inheritance system in each village. However, the rules of inheritance patterns were not entirely unique to the village, as they were characterised by the inheritance rules of each family. The existing inheritance rules were not the custom of the village, but were conventions sustained over generations in some families and that survived over time in the village. The inheritance patterns of the village were determined by the characteristics of the family strategies of these surviving families. Therefore, primogeniture as well as equal inheritance practices could exist within a single village.
Diabetes mellitus type 2 ranks among the strongest predictors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) while the association of type 1 diabetes with CVD is more complex. We studied differences between type 1 and 2 diabetic women regarding association of cardiovascular risk factors with preclinical atherosclerosis expressed as intima-media thickness of common carotid (IMT CCA) and femoral arteries (IMT CFA) measured by high resolution ultrasound. Women with type 1 (n=203) and type 2 diabetes (n=123) were examined with regard to the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. In type 1 diabetic women strong association between IMT CCA and body mass index, waist circumference, and total body fat was found in contrast to type 2 diabetic women. In type 2 diabetic women strong association between IMT CCA and fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and atherogenic index of plasma (log TG/HDL cholesterol) was observed in contrast to type 1 diabetic women. In type 1 diabetic women, IMT CFA was associated with body fat in contrast to type 2 diabetic women. Preclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetic women was strongly associated with factors reflecting body fat and its distribution, while in type 2 diabetic women preclinical atherosclerosis was associated with markers reflecting glucose and lipid metabolic disorders., P. Piťhová, K. Štechová, J. Piťha, V. Lánská, M. Kvapil., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The objective of this work is the chemometric quantification of minerals in rocks. A chemometric method was developed for the determination of chlorite, muscovite, albite and quartz in claystones and clay shales using infrared spectroscopy. Bromide pellets and diffuse reflectance were used to measure the infrared spectra; principa l component analysis and partial least-squares regression were used as chemometric methods. Spectral regions (4000-3000 cm-1 and 1300-400 cm-1) containing important spectral information were chosen by principal compone nt analysis. The calibration models were created by a partial least-squares regression. The mean relative error and relative standard deviation were calculated for the assessment of accuracy and reproducibility. The value of the mean relative error was about 10 % for most of the calibration models. The value of the relative standard deviation ranged from 1.1 to 3.0 % for most calibration models based on diffuse reflectance spectra and from 4.0 to 9.2 % for most calibration models based on spectra obtained with bromide pellets., Michal Ritz, Lenka Vaculíková, Eva Plevová, Dalibor Matýsek and Jiří Mališ., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy
Renowned international experts in higher education financing have argued that, owing to large government deficits, tertiary education will not be able to open up and meet growing demand unless cost-sharing principles and efficient student financial aid programmes are introduced. Opponents of cost-sharing in higher education object that introducing tuition fees will raise inequality in access to higher education. Drawing on OECD data, and focusing on college expectations, the authors argue that the effects of ability, gender, and socio-economic background on college expectations are primarily shaped by the characteristics of secondary education systems, such as the degree of stratification and vocational specificity of secondary schools, while the principal characteristics of the tertiary education system, such as enrolment rates and the model of financing, play a much less important role. The results clearly show that, after controlling for the effects of secondary school system characteristics, cost-sharing, as such or by degree, does not affect the formation of college expectations by ability, gender, and socio-economic background as much as the selectivity of the secondary school system does.
It is the objective of this thesis to take into account thermal balance of circulating fluidised bed combustors (CFBC), aiming at efficiency assessment, as regards standards, CSN 07 0302, and DIN 1942. It points to differences between calculations along these two different standards, concerning the solution of problems like different comparative temperatures, to which the calculation of physical losses is related to, varying calculation of mean thermal capacity, or problem of electrical motors input. This article is based on the project GA 617 50 11 solving - "Combine combustion of coal and biomass in fluid boilers"., Zdeněk Kadlec, Bohumir Čech and Jan Matoušek., and Obsahuje bibliografii
EU Emission Trading Scheme, which is applied in EU Member States to decrease CO 2 emissions, requires accurate, reliable, comparable and transparent methodology for monitoring, reporting and verification of emissions. Existing Monitoring and Reporting Guidelines provides operators only with general and undetailed instructions. This paper should provide the plant operators with guidance for a better understanding, interpretation and mastering of the methods of monitoring and reporting CO2 emissions for the purposes of emission trading. This paper is focused on experimental determination of emission and oxidation factors of solid fuels and on calculation of emission factors of gaseous fuels from their composition., Pavel Fott, František Kolář and Dušan Vácha., and Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy