It is well known that the training level of a muscle belongs to the parameters that affect the H-reflex response amplitude. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of training type on H- and T-reflex response parameters. For this purpose, 20 long-distance athletes (group I, test group), 18 short-distance athletes (group II, test group) and 20 non-trained subjects (group III, control group) were involved in this study in which the H- and T-reflex amplitude and latency values were measured. The H-reflex amplitude and latency values found in groups I, II and III were 3.64±0.28 mV and 26.88±1.45 ms, 3.17±0.26 mV and 26.19±1.89 ms, and 6.07±0.34 mV and 26.77±1.32 ms, respectively. The T-reflex amplitude and latency values of the groups I, II and III were 3.30±0.18 mV and 32.01±1.02 ms, 3.11±0.20 mV and 31.47±1.16 ms, 4.24±0.21 mV and 31.47±1.16 ms, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to latencies of H- and T-reflexes (p>0.05). In both test groups, the amplitudes of the H-reflex and T-reflex were significantly smaller than the control group (p<0.05). The results of this study suggest that training of muscles affect the H- and T-reflex response parameters., R. Ozmerdivenli, S. Bulut, T. Urat, A. Ayar., and Obsahuje bibliografii
We investigated the actions of dantrolene Ca2+-induced on Ca2+-release (CICR) evoked by action potentials in cultured rat sensory neurons. The effect of dantrolene on action potential after-depolarization and voltage-activated calcium currents was studied in cultured neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion cells (DRG) using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Depolarizing current injection evoked action potentials and depolarizing after-potentials, which are activated as a result of CICR following a single action potential in some cells. The type of after-potentials was determined by inducing action potentials from the resting membrane potential. Extracellular application of dantrolene (10 mM) abolished after-depolarizations without affecting action potential properties. Furthermore, dantrolene significantly reduced repetitive action potentials after depolarizing current injection into these neurons, but had no significant effect on the steady-state current voltage relationship of calcium currents in these neurons. We conclude that dantrolene inhibits the induction of action potential after depolarizations by inhibiting CICR in cultured rat sensory neurons., A. Ayar, H. Kelestimur., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Prediktivní vliv sebelitování na sebeznevýhodňování u tureckých univerzitních studentů Východiska. V rostoucím počtu výzkumů bylo zjištěno, že větší sebelitování je spojeno s větší psychologickou a kognitivní pohodou. Lze předpokládat, že sebelitování může hrát důležitou roli v sebeznevýhodňování, přičemž různé dimenze sebelitování mohou hrát různé role. Nicméně žádný výzkum zatím nezkoumal možné souvislosti mezi těmito proměnnými. Cíl. Cílem výzkumu bylo prozkoumat vztah mezi sebelitováním a sebeznevýhodňováním. Účastníci. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo 408 univerzitních studentů, 201 (49%) žen a 207 (51%) mužů), studujících různé obory v pregraduálních programech na pedagogické fakultě univerzity Sakarya v Turecku. Metoda. Jako míry byly použity škály sebelitování a sebeznevýhodňování. Vztahy mezi sebelitováním a sebeznevýhodňováním byly zjišťovány korelační analýzou a mnohonásobnou regresní analýzou. Výsledky. Korelační analýza poukázala na negativní vztah faktorů sebelitování: laskavost k sobě, běžná lidskost a dbalost a pozitivní vztah faktorů sebelitování: sebeposouzení, izolace a přehnaná identifikace, k sebeznevýhodňování. Podle výsledků regresní analýzy bylo sebeznevýhodňování pozitivně predikováno sebeposouzením, izolací a přehnanou identifikací. Běžná lidskost negativně predikovala sebeznevýhodňování. Sebelitování vysvětlilo 51% rozptylu sebe znevýhodňování. Omezení. Získané výsledky by neměly být zobecňovány jak na univerzitní studenty, tak na jiné studentské populace, protože data byla sbírána pouze na univerzitě Sakarya v Turecku. Data o sebelitování a sebeznevýhodňování jsou omezena na subjektivní výpovědi a nevyužívala kvalitativní míry těchto proměnných., Background. A growing body of research has found that higher self-compassion is associated with greater psychological and cognitive well-being. Therefore self-compassion can be considered as playing an important role on selfhandicapping, while different dimensions of self-compassion may play different roles. However there is no research that investigated the possible links between these variables. Purpose. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and self-handicapping. Participants. Participants were 408 university students – 201 (49%) were female and 207 (51%) were male – who enrolled in various undergraduate programs at Sakarya University Faculty of Education, Turkey. Method. The Self-compassion Scale and the Self-handicapping Scale were used as measures. The relationships between self-compassion and self-handicapping were examined using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results. In correlation analysis, self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness factors of self-compassion were found negatively and selfjudgment, isolation, and over-identification factors of self-compassion were found positively related to self-handicapping. According to regression results, self-handicapping was predicted positively by self-judgment, isolation, and over-identification. Further common humanity predicted self-handicapping in a negative way. Self-compassion has explained 51% of the variance in self-handicapping. Limitations. The results obtained in this study should not be generalized either to all university students or to other student populations, since the data were collected at just one campus in Sakarya University, Turkey. Also the data reported here for self-compassion and self-handicapping are limited to self-reported data and did not use a qualitative measure of these variables., Ümran Akin, Ahmet Akin., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
a1_In a series of studies in the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jan Bures introduced cortical spreading depression to the field of behavioral neuroscience (eg. Bures 1960). This technique offered a unique way to study the role of cortex in learning and memory, and attracted the attention of many who began their graduate studies at that time, including one of us (LN, cf. Nadel 1966). An NIH postdoctoral fellowship to study with the master himself brought LN to Prague in September 1967. Thus began a relationship that included science, politics, and personal life, and has lasted over 30 years1,2. The first scientific exchange began with Jan pulling a piece of paper from his desk with a long list of possible experiments written on it -- “pick one”, he said. This led to a series of studies on interhemispheric transfer of learning under conditions of monocular input, demonstrating, amongst other things, that such transfer is not a uniform process. Depending on the kind of trials given with both hemispheres intact, and the eye which remained open to input, transfer can either be non-specific, likely involving some kind of procedural knowledge, or highly specific, likely involving knowledge about the trained discrimination itself (Nadel and Buresova, 1970). These studies anticipated LN’s future work on multiple memory systems, a research enterprise pursued in the following decades by many labs (including LN’s: e.g. Nadel and O’Keefe 1974, O’Keefe et al. 1975). In this paper we focus on several scientific issues that Jan has been thinking about for the past 25 years. In particular, we consider spatial learning, the hippocampus, and memory. To this mix we add stress, something well known to anyone living in Prague in 1968., a2_LN left Prague after the 1968 invasion and stayed in London for seven months, during which time arrangements were made for an eventual return to the Medical Research Council Cerebral Functions Research Group in 1970. Thus it was that LN happened to be down the hall when John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky 1971) and began the program of research leading to the cognitive map theory of hippocampal function (O’Keefe and Nadel 1978)., L. Nadel, J.D. Payne., and Obsahuje bibliografii
The system of IGF-I and its binding proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular damage in Type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between this system and the microvascular reactivity in Type 1 diabetes as measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Twenty-two Type 1 diabetic patients (13 women and 9 men) with microangiopathy and fifteen healthy subjects (8 women and 7 men) were examined clinically, underwent laser-Doppler flowmetry and intima-media thickness measurements. Fasting serum levels of IGF-I, free IGF-I, IGFBPs and lipids were examined. The microvascular reactivity was impaired in Type 1 diabetic patients. Maximal perfusion during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORHmax) and during thermal hyperemia (THmax) was significantly decreased in Type 1 diabetes (p<0.01). Percentage perfusion increase in both tests (PORH and TH) was lower in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (p<0.01) and the reaction after heating was slower in diabetic patients (THmax/t) (p<0.01). We did not find any significant dependence of microvascular reactivity on the parameters of IGF-I or its binding proteins. We conclude that the microvascular reactivity is impaired in Type 1 diabetes mellitus, but this impairment is not clearly dependent on the activity of the IGF-I system. It is probably only a complementary pathogenic factor., M. Kršek, M. Prázný, J. Škrha, V. Justová, Z. Lacinová, T. Haas., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie Veroniky M. Mráčkové se zabývá problematikou přejímání středověkých hymnických melodií, ilustrovanou na konkrétním zvoleném příkladu., The hymn, one of the most frequently encountered songs in Western European sources, poses many questions with regard to the conflict between common and local traits. The Office hymns on which I focus were transmitted mainly in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century sources, which contain huge collections of hymns for different liturgical occasions, including those in honour of local saints. We still do not have a reasonable explanation of how or why the same tunes were adapted for different texts (or vice versa). The ‘Franciscan’ hymn melody Stäblein 752 (originally devoted to St Francis), for example, which occurs with different hymn texts in Austria, Germany, Bohemia, Poland and Spain, has many melodic variants reflecting regional characteristics. Why was this particular melody transferred to and adopted in other parts of Europe, where there was certainly no shortage of alternative hymn melodies? Is it a question of the adoption of favourite melodies in the Middle Ages? Were the same tunes used for hymns in honour of both male and female saints? What are the implications for us when the same ‘local’ tune can be identified in polyphonic hymn settings?, Veronika M. Mráčková., Rubrika: Studie, and České resumé na s. 32, anglický abstrakt na s. 19.
In order to obtain basic information on the transport properties of differentiating embryonic nephrons, we examined the 7-day-old chick mesonephros by measuring the transtubular epithelial potential difference (TPD) and by histochemical detection of Na,K-ATPase activity. TPD as an indicator of the electrogenic transport was measured in individual segments of superficial nephrons in vivo. Their electric polarity was always lumen-negative. TPD was reduced by addition of 10 mM KCN applied to the mesonephric nephrons from the outside. In the proximal tubules, TPD was significantly lower (mean±SD: -1.0±0.5 mV) than in the distal and collecting tubules (-2.2±1.0 mV, pŁ0.05). Activity of the sodium pump was evaluated histochemically by detection of ouabain-sensitive potassium-dependent p-nitrophenyl phosphatase in cryostat sections of the mesonephros. The enzyme activity was demonstrated only in distal tubules and in the collecting ducts, but not in the proximal tubules. These findings have revealed significant differences between embryonic nephron segments: the distal tubule, in contrast to the proximal one, is supplied by the sodium pump and is able to generate higher TPD. Therefore, we consider that it is only the distal nephron, which possesses the ability of active transport., Z. Zemanová, E. Ujec., and Obsahuje bibliografii
Studie shrnuje současné poznatky o teorii transformačního vedení. Zabývá se tématy, která jsou důležitá pro další výzkum transformačního vedení a pro využití teorie transformačního vedení v psychologické praxi v České republice a na Slovensku. Zařazuje transformační teorii do kontextu dalších teorií vůdcovství, představuje pozitivní důsledky transformačního vedení na úrovni organizací, týmů i jednotlivců, věnuje se také kritice teorie a jejím slabým stránkám. Všímá si metody měření transformačního vedení a její validity a možností rozvoje vedoucích v organizacích. Závěr je věnován aktuálním trendům ve výzkumu transformačního vedení., The overview study sums up the contemporary knowledge concerning the transformational leadership theory. It deals with topics important for further study of transformational leadership and for utilization the theory of transformation leadership in psychological praxis in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. It puts the transformational theory into the context of further leadership theories, presents the positive impacts of transformational leadership on levels of organizations, teams, and individuals, deals also with the critics of the theory and its weak aspects. It also takes notice of the method of transformational leadership measurement and its validity, and possibilities of development of leaders in organizations. The conclusion is devoted to current trends in the study of transformational leadership., Jakub Procházka, Martin Vaculík., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
Studie Michela Dineura se zabývá vzájemnými kontakty, uskutečňovanými prostřednictvím korespondečního kontaktu mezi belgickou hudební skladatelkou Jacqueline Fontyn a českým hudebním skladatelem a muzikologem Jarmilem Burghauserem a jejich osudy od šedesátých do devadesátých let 20. století., Michel Dineur., Rubrika: Studie, and České resumé na s. 390, anglický abstrakt na s. 351.
Mild hyperhomocysteinemia has been established as a new independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance is associated with a high risk of coronary heart disease. Our objective was to determine if any relationship exists between the metabolic syndrome of insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects and total serum homocysteine levels. Sixty-six healthy volunteers (33 males and 33 females) were selected from the population of Pilsen. Insulin resistance was measured by the Insulin Suppression Test using Octreotide. Steady-state plasma glucose concentrations at the end of the test period provided a quantitative measure of insulin resistance. Serum homocysteine level was estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Serum folate and vitamin B12 were estimated using commercial kits on an Abbott IMx analyzer. All other laboratory tests were performed by standard methods in a routine biochemical laboratory. Subjects with the highest tertile of steady-state plasma glucose showed a significantly higher body mass index, blood pressure, fasting plasma triglyceride levels, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and lower HDL-cholesterol, i.e. an insulin resistance pattern. These subjects had significantly lower serum homocysteine levels compared with non-insulin resistant subjects. The negative association of insulin resistance and serum homocysteine was unexpected. The contribution of plasma folate levels to serum homocysteine levels and serum creatinine was significantly negative and positive, respectively., H. Rosolová, J. Šimon, O. Mayer Jr., J. Racek, T. Dierzé, D. W. Jacobsen., and Obsahuje bibliografii