The Triangle cemetery in Prague-Střešovice was the only preserved part of the great burial site from the 9th–10th century AD; this site was partially destroyed beginning in the 18th century by the extraction of clay for the Strahov brick factory. A total of 49 graves, all dated to the 10th century, were uncovered in the preserved part of the cemetery in 2012. Children’s grave no. 16 was the richest of the children’s graves and the second richest of all graves in the cemetery. A total of 19 silver jewels were found in the grave: kaptorga – amulet container, beads, hollow spherical pendants – gombiks. A technical study was performed to describe the construction of the different types of jewels and identify the material used to manufacture them. The artefacts were examined with a stereomicroscope, subjected to X-ray radiography and observed and analysed with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). A replica provided practical information about the time of realisation of each type of jewel. Analogies from the technical and thematic points of view were further searched. The set of jewellery comes from the production of the Prague workshop which enriched the tradition of Great Moravian jewellery with new elements inspired by cultural influences from the west, east and south. and Pohřebiště Triangl bylo jedinou zachovanou částí velkého středohradištního pohřebiště ničeného od 18. století těžbou hlíny pro strahovskou cihelnu. V poloze Triangl bylo v roce 2012 prozkoumáno 49 číslovaných hrobů s výbavou datující je do 10. století. Dětský hrob 16 byl nejbohatší z dětských pohřbů a druhý nejbohatší celkově, bylo v něm nalezeno 19 kusů stříbrných šperků – kaptorga, korálky a gombíky. Technologický rozbor šperků má za cíl poznat způsob výroby jednotlivých typů a určit suroviny použité při jejich výrobě. Předměty byly zkoumány pomocí optické stereomikroskopie, rentgenografie a elektronové rastrovací mikroskopie ve spojení s energiově disperzní spektroskopií (SEM/EDS). Byly vyhledány analogie, co se týče technologie výroby i použitých výzdobných motivů. Replika poskytuje představu o čase potřebném k výrobě každého jednotlivého typu šperku. Soubor šperků pochází z produkce pražské dílny, která tradici velkomoravského šperkařství obohatila o nové prvky inspirované kulturními vlivy ze západu, východu i jihu.
This article aims to investigate the viewpoint of the
Austro-German liberal movement - both ideologically and practically - towards the arguments for Bohemian state rights made by the conservative Bohemian Great Landowners and Czech political parties in the period from 1861 to 1879. The February Patent of 1861 is a convenient starting point because it reintroduced representative bodies to the Habsburg Monarchy and facilitatedthe development of modern democratic politics. The 1879 parliamentary election is this article’s end point since it constituted a significant turning point in Austrian and Bohemian politics. The Austro-German liberals lost the majority in central parliament while the conservative Bohemian Great Landowners and Czech parties attended parliament after a sixteen-year absence, joining the conservative-Slav coalition supporting the government.
The principal argument is that while the Austro-German liberals (particularly the Bohemian-German faction) were generally opposed to Bohemian state rights, this must be qualifi ed by the genuine desire for compromise (under certain conditions), considerable tactical fl exibility and the wider Imperial context. Chronologically, the article focuses on key parliamentary debates to
illustrate the changing relations: the fluid 1860s, the crucial period from 1867 to 1871 (when there was a real possibility of Bohemian state rights) through to the turning point of 1879. and Článek zahrnuje poznámkový aparát pod čarou
The large compendium titled Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild contains two volumes devoted to Bohemia (1894 and 1896) and one volume devoted to Moravia and Silesia (1897). Chapters on folk culture are accompanied by a plethora of pictures, a significant number of which depict rural residents wearing traditional dress. However, the informative value of illustrations depicting folk costumes from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia as a source for ethnological research is limited. The unbalanced selection of examples from individual regions is problematic. Understandably, a great emphasis was placed on the German ethnic group, but even ethnographic regions inhabited by Czech population are not represented proportionally to the preservation of traditional culture, so the resulting visual perception does not even correspond to the reality in the late nineteenth century. Czech painters were addressed to illustrate two volumes about Bohemia, but the Moravia and Silesia volume was illustrated almost exclusively by artists with ties to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, where they studied or taught, and to the imperial court. However, not only Viennese, but even all Czech painters had no direct experience with the folk culture in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. They worked according to supplied photographs, the availability of which eventually influenced the choice of illustrations. The successful level of both the drawing and painting templates and their xylographic treatments posed a positive aspect. And what is essential - the comparison with the traced model photographs confirms their basically faithful interpretation. Even so, the ethnologist cannot underestimate the critical insight into the documentary value of the illustrations accompanying the admirably monumental work Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, named Kronprinzenwerk after its initiator and partly co-author, Crown Prince Rudolf.
Jedním z fenoménů spojujících po několik set let okolo roku 4000 př. Kr. široké oblasti od Atlantiku po střední Evropu jsou různé formy vícenásobně přerušovaných příkopových ohrazení. Čechy tvoří východní periferii jejich rozšíření, publikačně dosud nedostatečně uchopenou. Předmětem předloženého příspěvku je prezentace jednoho z nich, ohrazení v Trubíně, okr. Beroun. Práce přináší kromě zevrubného vyhodnocení nálezové situace a všech získaných pramenů první soubor radiouhlíkových dat, zahrnujících i příslušné analýzy z dalších českých vícenásobně přerušovaných ohrazení. V návaznosti na ně je řešena jejich chronologická pozice, kulturní příslušnost a původ fenoménu v Čechách, a v neposlední řadě postavení trubínského objektu v jejich rámci. and One of the phenomena linking the broad area from the Atlantic to central Europe for several centuries around the year 4000 BC is various forms of causewayed enclosures, which are multiply interrupted. Bohemia forms the eastern periphery of their expansion, though few works have been published on this topic to date. The subject of the submitted article is the presentation of one of these causewayed enclosures found in the town of Trubín in the Beroun district. In addition to a detailed evaluation of the find situation and all of the obtained sources, the work provides the first set of radiocarbon dates and the relevant analyses from other Bohemian causewayed enclosures. In connection with them, the article establishes their chronological position, cultural affiliation, the origin of the phenomenon in Bohemia and, last but not least, the standing of the Trubín enclosures in their framework.
L’article est consacré à la fibule-pectoral de Želenice, découverte en 1843 et devenue depuis un des objets emblématiques de la recherche archéologique de la Bohême. On propose d’y retrouver une formule de gestion du calendrier luni-solaire, documentée jusqu’ici seulement par une dalle gravée de Knowth en Irlande, du IVe millénaire av. J.-C., un pectoral de Slovaquie de la fin du IIe millénaire et le calendrier gallo-romain de Coligny, du IIe siècle après J.-C. La recherche de son origine s’appuie sur une fibule de Sanzeno (Italie), très proche par la complexité de sa construction et certains détails techniques. Elle suggère une origine centre-alpine de la première moitié du Ve siècle av. J.-C. plutôt que balkanique. and Considerations about the meaning and the origin of the pectoral-brooch from Želenice in Bohemia. The pectoral-brooch from Želenice, discovered in 1843, is one of the most illustrated and discussed Iron age archeological discoveries from Bohemia. A new research, based on a Late bronze age pectoral from Slovakia, indicates a symbolic representation of the measure to correct the difference between lunar and solar year (two supplementary months every five years). Before, only three evidences are known: an engraving on stone slab from Knowth in Ireland, from the fourth millenium B.C., the Slovak pectoral, dated around 1200 B.C., and the calendar of Coligny, second century A.D. The origin of the pectoral-brooch from Želenice, now dated in the fifth century B.C., seems to be central alpine area rather than Balkans.
The almanacs represented an important source and constituent part of the popular culture in the „long“ nineteenth century. The text focuses on the by now slightly studied almanacs of Czech Protestants and, as a supplement, also contains its register. First Protestant calendars were published after the authorization of Protestant denominations at the end of the eighteenth century, but due to the economic weakness of these minorities soon ceased to exist. The next wave of their publishing was connected with liberalism of the middle of the nineteenth century and the social emancipation of Protestants. But the defeat of the revolution of 1848 again caused their demise. Systematic publishing of Protestant almanacs took place only in the last third of the nineteenth century, when their principal role was the gradual deepening of the confessional consciousness. From the beginning of the twentieth century these almanacs were used in the efforts for uniting of Czech Lutheran and Reformed Churches. This union was realized after the constitution of Czechoslovakia in the year 1918. Later Protestant almanacs were mostly regular ecclesiastical yearbooks without broader implications.
The topic of this article is the engagement of Lipolt Krajíř of Kraig († 1433) in the Hussite wars. Krajíř was among the innumerable members of Sigismund of Luxembourg’s retinue who actively fought the Hussites in three central European lands. Lipolt’s importance within the Catholic party is especially proven by the fact that he was transferred—by Sigismund of Luxembourg and then by the Austrian Duke and Moravian Margrave Albert II of Habsburg—to places which were long threatened by the Hussites (České Budějovice) or actually under attack by them (Moravia, Austria).
Tinkering as a peddling job and sale developed in the northern part of the Trenčín Region (Upper Váh Area and Kysuce) and later in several villages in the northern part of Spiš. As a specific (non-farming) job of a group of male population, tinkering is a phenomenon that significantly influenced traditional culture in the above-mentioned regions. The affiliation with the tinker´s
socio-professional group was expressed not only by the itinerant livelihood, but it also was transferred to social activities and common personal contacts. The tinkers differed from peasants through their world view, peculiar morality, value guidance, but mainly through their experience and more real view of the world. They featured good dexterity in communication with authorities due to the obligation to arrange for documents which were necessary for them to be allowed to operate tinkering in the Czechoslovak Republic. Labour migration also affected incomes, possibilities of catering, dressing, habitation, and hygiene of itinerant tinkers. The essay explains these facts in relation to the tinkers from Kysuce, who migrated for work to Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia between world wars.
Článek předkládá aktuální pohled na problematiku neolitické těžební lokality Bílý kámen u Sázavy (okr. Benešov). Své výsledky opírá jak o analýzu dostupných starších nálezů, tak o poznatky získané novým archeologickým výzkumem. Zjištění ukazují, že tradovanou představu o jedné z nejvýznamnějších památek po pravěké těžební činnosti nesilicitových hornin ve střední Evropě bude nutné podstatně revidovat. Již konstatování, že se nejedná o hlavní zdroj suroviny mramorových náramků kultury s vypíchanou keramikou (5100/5000–4500/4400 cal BC) otevírá nový prostor ve zdánlivě dávno vyřešené diskusi. Zároveň získaná radiokarbonová data obohacují naše poznání o aktivity probíhající na Bílém kameni v pozdním středověku a raném novověku. and The article presents a current view of the issue of the Neolithic mining site of Bílý kámen near Sázava (Czech Republic, Benešov district). The results are based both on an analysis of earlier finds and on the finds from a new archaeological excavation. The findings show that the traditional idea of one of the most important monuments of prehistoric mining activities of non-silicate rock in Central Europe will need to be substantially revised. The fact that it is not the main source of the raw material of marble bracelets during the period of the Stroked Pottery culture (5100/5000–4500/4400 cal BC) opens new space in a seemingly long-resolved discussion. Radiocarbon data enrich our knowledge of the activities taking place at Bílý kámen in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period.