The article considers the nature of descriptive statements and the ontological status of descriptive constructs in linguistics, taking the example of a phoneme of English. It is argued that descriptive statements should be seen as expressions of the content of descriptive models or as hypotheses. Furthermore, it is argued that descriptive models and constructs in linguistics have a purely explanatory function in relation to speech events and without ontological commitment to corresponding entities in the real world., Článek pojednává o povaze popisných výroků a ontologickém stavu deskriptivních konstrukcí v lingvistice, přičemž vychází z příkladu fonému angličtiny. Argumentuje se tím, že popisná prohlášení by měla být chápána jako vyjádření obsahu popisných modelů nebo jako hypotézy. Dále, to je argumentoval, že popisné modely a konstrukce v lingvistice mají čistě vysvětlující funkci ve vztahu k událostem řeči a bez ontologického závazku k odpovídajícím entitám v reálném světě., and Paul Rastall
The paper sketches and defends two instances of the strategy Let N’s be whatever they have to be to explain our knowledge of them—one in which N’s are natural numbers and one in which N’s are propositions. The former, which makes heavy use of Hume’s principle and plural quantification, grounds our initial knowledge of number in (a) our identification of objects as falling under various types, (b) our ability to count (i.e. to pair memorized numerals with individuated objects of one’s attention), (c) our (initially perceptual) recognition of plural properties (e.g. being three in number), and (d) our predication of those properties of pluralities that possess them (even though no individuals in the pluralities do). Given this foundation, one can use Fregean techniques to non-paradoxically generate more extensive arithmetical knowledge. The second instance of my metaphysics-in-the-service-of-epistemology identifies propositions (i.e. semantic contents of some sentences, objects of the attitudes, and bearers of truth, falsity, necessity, contingency, and apriority) with certain kinds of purely representational cognitive acts, operations, or states. In addition to providing natural solutions to traditionally un-addressed epistemic problems involving linguistic cognition and language use, I argue that this metaphysical conception of propositions expands the solution spaces of many of the most recalcitrant and long-standing problems in natural-language semantics and the philosophy of language.
In this note, we prove that the countable compactness of {0, 1} R together with the Countable Axiom of Choice yields the existence of a nonmeasurable subset of . This is done by providing a family of nonmeasurable subsets of whose intersection with every non-negligible Lebesgue measurable set is still not Lebesgue measurable. We develop this note in three sections: the first presents the main result, the second recalls known results concerning non-Lebesgue measurability and its relations with the Axiom of Choice, the third is devoted to the proofs.
Když benevolence zraňuje ženy a favorizuje muže: účinky ambivalentního sexismu na aspirace na vůdcovství Literatura o ambivalentním sexismu ukázala, že benevolence vůči ženám může být dokonce škodlivější než otevřené nepřátelství, protože není jasně rozpoznatelná jako druh předsudku, a tak je obtížnější s ní bojovat. Podobně benevolence vůči mužům predikuje vnímanou oprávněnost genderové hierarchie. Účinek sexismu na mužské a ženské aspirace na vůdcovství však ještě nebyl zkoumán. Účastníci studie (N = 101) byli poučeni o sexismu (hostilním vs. benevolentním) vůči vlastnímu pohlaví. Výsledky ukázaly, že benevolence podporuje možnost udržení vůdcovské role u mužů, ale odrazuje ženy od vůdcovských pozic. Ženy dokonce považují benevolentní a hostilní postoje vůči ženám za podobné předsudky. Muži naopak vymezují hostilní sexismus vůči mužům jako více předsudečný než benevolentní postoje., Literature on ambivalent sexism has shown that benevolence toward women can be even more pernicious than explicit hostility because it is not clearly recognizable as a form of prejudice and thus it is more difficult to combat. Similarly, benevolence toward men predicts the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy. However, the effects of sexism on men’s and women’s leadership aspiration have not been studied yet. In the present study participants (N = 101) were primed with sexism (Hostile vs. Benevolent) toward their own gender. Results showed that benevolence fosters the possibility of holding a leadership role for men, but harms women from leader positions. Moreover, women consider benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women as similarly prejudiced. On the contrary, men define hostile sexism toward men as more prejudiced than benevolent attitudes., Chiara Rollero, Angela Fed., and Obsahuje seznam literatury
By a sign pattern (matrix) we mean an array whose entries are from the set $\lbrace +,-,0\rbrace $. The sign patterns $A$ for which every real matrix with sign pattern $A$ has the property that its inverse has sign pattern $A^T$ are characterized. Sign patterns $A$ for which some real matrix with sign pattern $A$ has that property are investigated. Some fundamental results as well as constructions concerning such sign pattern matrices are provided. The relation between these sign patterns and the sign patterns of orthogonal matrices is examined.
Let X be a completely regular Hausdorff space and, as usual, let C(X) denote the ring of real-valued continuous functions on X. The lattice of z-ideals of C(X) has been shown by Martínez and Zenk (2005) to be a frame. We show that the spectrum of this lattice is (homeomorphic to) βX precisely when X is a P-space. This we actually show to be true not only in spaces, but in locales as well. Recall that an ideal of a commutative ring is called a d-ideal if whenever two elements have the same annihilator and one of the elements belongs to the ideal, then so does the other. We characterize when the spectrum of the lattice of d-ideals of C(X) is the Stone-Čech compactification of the largest dense sublocale of the locale determined by X. It is precisely when the closure of every open set of X is the closure of some cozero-set of X.
The study stems from the author’s long-time interest in the history of the Czechoslovak foreign resistance during the Great War, particularly in Russia. As to its sources, it draws from a collection of published recollections of Czechoslovak legionnaires and their autobiographic novels and other texts of prose. The author attempts to reconstruct the picture of the return of Czechoslovak legions from Russia to their home country; due to the nature of his sources, however, his intention is not to convey an authentic experience of the return in the fi rst days and weeks, but rather to examine the construct created by the legionnaires’ memories and novels. In this respect, he makes use of, in particular, Anglo-Saxon historical literature dealing with similar topics. The key issues include how individuals or whole social groups were coping with the reality of the newborn republic, which was rather different from the visions of the home country they had been dreaming about while away. An important factor affecting their refl ections was also the required political nonaffi liation of organizations of legionnaires, as well as the criticism of the situation not just among the veterans, but in the entire society. The extent of the idealization of Russia, which was a fairly frequent phenomenon among them, was directly proportional to the disillusionment after their return, and was a mirror image of their previous idealization of home while they had been in Russia. In the author’s opinion, the topic of the return of Czechoslovak legions home and their life in their home country is far from exhausted; this is why the present study should be just a springboard to further broadly conceived research. and Přeložil Jiří Mareš
Suppose F ⊂ [0, 1] is closed. Is it true that the typical (in the sense of Baire category) function in C 1 [0, 1] is one-to-one on F? If dimBF < 1/2 we show that the answer to this question is yes, though we construct an F with dimB F = 1/2 for which the answer is no. If Cα is the middle-α Cantor set we prove that the answer is yes if and only if dim(Cα) ≤ 1/2. There are F’s with Hausdorff dimension one for which the answer is still yes. Some other related results are also presented.